Population dynamics and diversity of butterflies in Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan national nature reserves, Yunnan Province

doi:10.17520/biods.2019364

Abstract

Abstract:

Butterflies are one of the most concerned taxonomic groups and environmental indicators among invertebrate. Population dynamics and community structure of butterflies can quickly and effectively reflect the environmental situation of Ecosystem. Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan national nature reserves are rich in animal and plant resources with complicated and diversified habitats. To effectively protect and utilize environment and resources, this study researched population quantitative characteristics and diversity of butterflies in the two reserves during 2016 to 2018. Both Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan had high diversity levels, though Ailaoshan was more abundant than Wuliangshan. In Ailaoshan, 149 species were attributed to 5 families and 83 genera with H_s′ of 3.92, a Simpson’s index (D) of 0.97, and species richness (R) of 16.36. In Wuliangshan, 143 species were attributed to 5 families and 88 genera with H_s′ of 3.64, D of 0.96, and R of 15.04. In total among both areas, 178 species were identified, belonging to 5 families and 99 genera. The two regions shared similarities in butterfly communities, with a Similarity index of 0.64. There was evidence of vertical butterfly distribution Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan as most butterflies were distributed below altitude 1,100 meters in Ailaoshan, and between 1,100 to 1,400 meters in Wuliangshan. There were seasonal differences as well, as the butterflies mainly appear from May to September, but species abundances peaked in Ailaoshan in August while Wuliangshan peaked in September. Annual analysis showed 2016 had a greater abundance of butterflies, which is closely related to suitable climate and weak human disturbance. Overall, 13 threatened and 3 vulnerable species according to China Species Red List, and 56 unlisted species with less than 10 individuals were recorded in Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan national nature reserves. Therefore, butterfly protection is urgent and recommended in these regions.

Key words: butterfly, Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve, Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve, population dynamics, biodiversity

Qun Wang, Zhixiang Guo, Jinbin Li, Kaibo Wang, Wenwei Wu, Entang Pu, Fangzhou Ma, Chengxing He. Population dynamics and diversity of butterflies in Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan national nature reserves, Yunnan Province[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(8): 921-930.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019364

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I8/921

Figures/Tables 2

References 40

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	科 Family	属数 Genus	种数 Species	个体数 Individuals	H_s'	H_g'	H'₍_gs₎	J	I_d	R	D
哀牢山 Ailaoshan	粉蝶科 Pieridae	14	23	1,737	2.30	1.83	4.13	0.73	0.21	2.95	0.86
	凤蝶科 Papilionidae	7	21	639	2.39	1.24	3.63	0.78	0.25	3.10	0.87
	灰蝶科 Lycaenidae	16	21	2,474	1.80	1.78	3.59	0.59	0.31	2.56	0.78
	蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae	30	65	3,128	3.25	2.56	5.81	0.78	0.15	7.95	0.94
	弄蝶科 Hesperiidae	16	19	524	2.14	1.68	3.81	0.73	0.23	2.87	0.84
	合计 Total	83	149	8,502	3.92	3.45	8.79	0.78	0.09	16.36	0.97
无量山 Wuliangshan	粉蝶科 Pieridae	14	20	3,852	2.06	1.79	3.86	0.69	0.26	2.30	0.83
	凤蝶科 Papilionidae	6	19	1,248	2.04	0.82	2.86	0.69	0.35	2.52	0.81
	灰蝶科 Lycaenidae	14	19	3,762	1.77	1.73	3.51	0.60	0.27	2.19	0.80
	蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae	37	64	3,497	3.05	2.48	5.53	0.73	0.15	7.72	0.92
	弄蝶科 Hesperiidae	16	21	216	2.47	2.11	4.59	0.81	0.23	3.72	0.88
	合计 Total	88	143	12,575	3.64	3.26	6.90	0.73	0.08	15.04	0.96

	科 Family	属数 Genus	种数 Species	个体数 Individuals	H_s'	H_g'	H'₍_gs₎	J	I_d	R	D
哀牢山 Ailaoshan	粉蝶科 Pieridae	14	23	1,737	2.30	1.83	4.13	0.73	0.21	2.95	0.86
	凤蝶科 Papilionidae	7	21	639	2.39	1.24	3.63	0.78	0.25	3.10	0.87
	灰蝶科 Lycaenidae	16	21	2,474	1.80	1.78	3.59	0.59	0.31	2.56	0.78
	蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae	30	65	3,128	3.25	2.56	5.81	0.78	0.15	7.95	0.94
	弄蝶科 Hesperiidae	16	19	524	2.14	1.68	3.81	0.73	0.23	2.87	0.84
	合计 Total	83	149	8,502	3.92	3.45	8.79	0.78	0.09	16.36	0.97
无量山 Wuliangshan	粉蝶科 Pieridae	14	20	3,852	2.06	1.79	3.86	0.69	0.26	2.30	0.83
	凤蝶科 Papilionidae	6	19	1,248	2.04	0.82	2.86	0.69	0.35	2.52	0.81
	灰蝶科 Lycaenidae	14	19	3,762	1.77	1.73	3.51	0.60	0.27	2.19	0.80
	蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae	37	64	3,497	3.05	2.48	5.53	0.73	0.15	7.72	0.92
	弄蝶科 Hesperiidae	16	21	216	2.47	2.11	4.59	0.81	0.23	3.72	0.88
	合计 Total	88	143	12,575	3.64	3.26	6.90	0.73	0.08	15.04	0.96

		科数 Family	属数 Genus	种数 Species	个体数 Individuals	H_s'	H_g'	H_f'	H′₍_fgs₎	J	I_d	R	D
哀牢山 Ailao Mountains
	样线 Line transect
	A1	5	58	94	3,613	3.51	2.96	1.22	7.69	0.77	0.12	11.35	0.95
	A2	5	68	104	2,817	3.52	3.13	1.40	8.05	0.76	0.15	12.97	0.94
	A3	5	34	40	445	2.72	2.66	1.30	6.68	0.74	0.19	6.40	0.90
	A4	5	45	62	1,186	3.15	2.99	1.30	7.43	0.76	0.19	8.62	0.92
	A5	5	29	34	441	2.87	2.82	1.17	6.86	0.81	0.15	5.42	0.92
	调查时段 Time
	4月 April	5	39	50	732	2.78	2.45	1.39	6.61	0.71	0.24	7.43	0.89
	5月 May	5	47	69	1,149	3.57	3.22	1.52	8.31	0.84	0.08	9.65	0.96
	6月 June	5	50	70	1,769	3.28	3.02	1.29	7.59	0.77	0.21	9.23	0.93
	7月 July	5	53	76	1,558	3.25	2.96	1.28	7.49	0.75	0.28	10.20	0.90
	8月 August	5	53	84	1,422	3.70	3.26	1.28	8.24	0.84	0.10	11.43	0.96
	9月 September	5	58	84	1,589	3.66	3.33	1.42	8.40	0.83	0.10	11.26	0.96
	10月 October	5	20	24	283	2.96	2.67	1.44	7.08	0.93	0.11	4.07	0.94
	年份 Year
	2016	5	54	86	2,864	3.80	3.20	1.34	8.33	0.85	0.09	10.68	0.97
	2017	5	62	101	3,103	3.48	3.28	1.37	8.13	0.75	0.18	12.44	0.94
	2018	5	64	89	2,535	3.52	3.20	1.39	8.11	0.78	0.17	11.23	0.94
无量山 Wuliang Mountains
	样线 Line transect
	B1	5	58	91	2,058	3.39	2.94	1.35	7.67	0.75	0.14	11.80	0.94
	B2	5	58	89	3,225	3.25	2.90	1.26	7.41	0.72	0.16	10.89	0.93
	B3	5	51	81	1,945	3.22	2.92	1.33	7.47	0.73	0.20	10.56	0.93
	B4	5	33	41	1,767	2.34	2.24	1.13	5.71	0.63	0.36	5.35	0.82
	B5	5	54	82	3,580	3.16	2.84	1.27	7.26	0.72	0.17	9.90	0.93
	调查时段 Time
	4月 April	5	34	49	1,446	2.34	1.99	1.19	5.52	0.60	0.44	6.60	0.78
	5月 May	5	45	64	1,612	3.38	3.00	1.28	7.66	0.81	0.12	8.53	0.95
	6月 June	5	55	85	3,554	3.06	2.89	1.27	7.22	0.69	0.16	10.27	0.92
	7月 July	5	65	89	2,277	3.15	2.89	1.32	7.37	0.70	0.25	11.38	0.91
	8月 August	5	58	79	1,564	3.29	3.03	1.41	7.72	0.75	0.15	10.61	0.94
	9月 September	5	61	93	1,767	3.64	3.19	1.43	8.27	0.80	0.09	12.30	0.96
	10月 October	5	17	23	355	2.91	2.47	1.16	6.55	0.93	0.10	3.75	0.94
	年份 Year
	2016	5	59	89	4,878	3.47	3.09	1.34	7.90	0.77	0.14	10.36	0.95
	2017	5	66	99	3,304	3.20	2.93	1.36	7.49	0.70	0.23	12.09	0.92
	2018	5	64	93	4,393	3.14	2.91	1.24	7.28	0.69	0.20	10.97	0.92

		科数 Family	属数 Genus	种数 Species	个体数 Individuals	H_s'	H_g'	H_f'	H′₍_fgs₎	J	I_d	R	D
哀牢山 Ailao Mountains
	样线 Line transect
	A1	5	58	94	3,613	3.51	2.96	1.22	7.69	0.77	0.12	11.35	0.95
	A2	5	68	104	2,817	3.52	3.13	1.40	8.05	0.76	0.15	12.97	0.94
	A3	5	34	40	445	2.72	2.66	1.30	6.68	0.74	0.19	6.40	0.90
	A4	5	45	62	1,186	3.15	2.99	1.30	7.43	0.76	0.19	8.62	0.92
	A5	5	29	34	441	2.87	2.82	1.17	6.86	0.81	0.15	5.42	0.92
	调查时段 Time
	4月 April	5	39	50	732	2.78	2.45	1.39	6.61	0.71	0.24	7.43	0.89
	5月 May	5	47	69	1,149	3.57	3.22	1.52	8.31	0.84	0.08	9.65	0.96
	6月 June	5	50	70	1,769	3.28	3.02	1.29	7.59	0.77	0.21	9.23	0.93
	7月 July	5	53	76	1,558	3.25	2.96	1.28	7.49	0.75	0.28	10.20	0.90
	8月 August	5	53	84	1,422	3.70	3.26	1.28	8.24	0.84	0.10	11.43	0.96
	9月 September	5	58	84	1,589	3.66	3.33	1.42	8.40	0.83	0.10	11.26	0.96
	10月 October	5	20	24	283	2.96	2.67	1.44	7.08	0.93	0.11	4.07	0.94
	年份 Year
	2016	5	54	86	2,864	3.80	3.20	1.34	8.33	0.85	0.09	10.68	0.97
	2017	5	62	101	3,103	3.48	3.28	1.37	8.13	0.75	0.18	12.44	0.94
	2018	5	64	89	2,535	3.52	3.20	1.39	8.11	0.78	0.17	11.23	0.94
无量山 Wuliang Mountains
	样线 Line transect
	B1	5	58	91	2,058	3.39	2.94	1.35	7.67	0.75	0.14	11.80	0.94
	B2	5	58	89	3,225	3.25	2.90	1.26	7.41	0.72	0.16	10.89	0.93
	B3	5	51	81	1,945	3.22	2.92	1.33	7.47	0.73	0.20	10.56	0.93
	B4	5	33	41	1,767	2.34	2.24	1.13	5.71	0.63	0.36	5.35	0.82
	B5	5	54	82	3,580	3.16	2.84	1.27	7.26	0.72	0.17	9.90	0.93
	调查时段 Time
	4月 April	5	34	49	1,446	2.34	1.99	1.19	5.52	0.60	0.44	6.60	0.78
	5月 May	5	45	64	1,612	3.38	3.00	1.28	7.66	0.81	0.12	8.53	0.95
	6月 June	5	55	85	3,554	3.06	2.89	1.27	7.22	0.69	0.16	10.27	0.92
	7月 July	5	65	89	2,277	3.15	2.89	1.32	7.37	0.70	0.25	11.38	0.91
	8月 August	5	58	79	1,564	3.29	3.03	1.41	7.72	0.75	0.15	10.61	0.94
	9月 September	5	61	93	1,767	3.64	3.19	1.43	8.27	0.80	0.09	12.30	0.96
	10月 October	5	17	23	355	2.91	2.47	1.16	6.55	0.93	0.10	3.75	0.94
	年份 Year
	2016	5	59	89	4,878	3.47	3.09	1.34	7.90	0.77	0.14	10.36	0.95
	2017	5	66	99	3,304	3.20	2.93	1.36	7.49	0.70	0.23	12.09	0.92
	2018	5	64	93	4,393	3.14	2.91	1.24	7.28	0.69	0.20	10.97	0.92