荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性对降水变化的响应

doi:10.17520/biods.2024044

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

降水和生物多样性是维持干旱区荒漠草原生态系统平衡和稳定的关键因素, 研究降水变化背景下荒漠草原植物多样性、微生物多样性以及二者相互关系具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原为研究对象, 采用遮雨棚和滴灌技术模拟了5个降水梯度, 分别为正常降雨量的33%、66%、100% (CK)、133%和166% (记为R33, R66, RCK, R133, R166), 全面分析了降水变化对荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明: (1)降水减少(R66)会显著降低植物群落的多样性和均匀度, 降水增加(R133)会使植物群落丰富度显著增加(P < 0.05); (2)细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Ace指数以及真菌群落的Ace指数随降雨量的增加显著增加, 降水变化对真菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数影响显著(P < 0.05); (3)增水处理对土壤微生物群落β多样性有显著影响; (4)细菌与土壤碳氮比、碳磷比之间存在显著正相关关系(P < 0.05), 真菌与土壤碳氮比、碳磷比及氮磷比之间均存在极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01); (5)植物群落多样性与细菌Shannon-Wiener指数显著正相关, 与细菌Simpson指数、Ace指数及真菌Ace指数显著负相关(P < 0.05)。因此, 降水变化对荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性产生了显著影响, 且二者之间存在紧密关联, 这不仅为模拟和预测荒漠草原生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈提供借鉴, 也为该地区的生态保护和恢复提供了科学依据。

关键词: 荒漠草原, 降水变化, 植物多样性, 微生物多样性

Abstract

Aim: Precipitation and biodiversity are the key factors to maintain the balance and stability of desert steppe ecosystem in arid areas. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the plant diversity, microbial diversity and their relationship in desert steppe under the background of precipitation change.
Methods: In this paper, the desert steppe in Yanchi, Ningxia was taken as the research object. Five precipitation gradients were simulated by canopy and drip irrigation techniques, which were 33%, 66%, 100% (CK), 133% and 166% of normal rainfall (recorded as R33, R66, RCK, R133, R166). The effects of precipitation changes on plant diversity and microbial diversity in desert steppe were comprehensively analyzed.
Results: The results showed that: (1) Reduced precipitation (R66) significantly reduced the diversity and evenness of plant communities, and increased precipitation (R133) significantly increased the richness of plant communities (P < 0.05). (2) The Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Ace index of bacterial community and Ace index of fungal community increased significantly with the increase of precipitation, and the change of precipitation had a significant effect on the Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index of fungal community (P < 0.05). (3) The water addition treatment had a significant effect on the beta diversity of soil microbial community. (4) There was a significant positive correlation between bacteria and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between fungi and soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, carbon-to-phosphorus ratio and nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (P < 0.01). (5) Plant community diversity was significantly positively correlated with bacterial Shannon-Wiener index and significantly negatively correlated with bacterial Simpson index, Ace index and fungal Ace indexs (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Precipitation changes significantly affect plant diversity and microbial diversity in desert steppe, and there is a close relationship between plant and microbial diversity, which not only provides a reference for simulating and predicting the response and feedback of desert steppe ecosystem to climate change, but also provides a scientific basis for ecological protection and restoration in the region.

Key words: desert grasslands, precipitation change, plant diversity, microbial diversity

中图分类号:

S812

连佳丽, 陈婧, 杨雪琴, 赵莹, 罗叙, 韩翠, 赵雅欣, 李建平 (2024) 荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性对降水变化的响应. 生物多样性, 32, 24044. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024044.

Jiali Lian, Jing Chen, Xueqin Yang, Ying Zhao, Xu Luo, Cui Han, Yaxin Zhao, Jianping Li (2024) Responses of desert steppe plant diversity and microbial diversity to precipitation change. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24044. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024044.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024044

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I6/24044

图/表 13

表1 研究区不同降水处理下土壤理化性质。R33: 正常降雨量的33%; R66: 正常降雨量的66%; RCK: 正常降雨量; R133: 正常降雨量的133%; R166: 正常降雨量的166%。

Table 1 Soil physical and chemical properties under different precipitation treatments in the study area. R33, 33% of normal rainfall; R66, 66% of normal rainfall; RCK, Normal rainfall; R133, 133% of normal rainfall; R166, 166% of normal rainfall.

年份Year	处理 Treat ment	土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%)	土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon (g/kg)	土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen (g/kg)	土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus (g/kg)
2019	R33	5.55	2.91	0.38	0.36
	R66	5.78	2.37	0.36	0.38
	RCK	8.40	3.13	0.40	0.38
	R133	5.48	2.53	0.36	0.36
	R166	8.88	2.78	0.38	0.37
2020	R33	4.75	2.13	0.35	0.40
	R66	4.84	3.01	0.43	0.41
	RCK	8.18	3.73	0.45	0.43
	R133	4.78	2.56	0.31	0.38
	R166	7.63	3.18	0.51	0.47
2021	R33	6.04	2.56	0.39	0.33
	R66	5.41	2.71	0.43	0.35
	RCK	7.78	3.07	0.50	0.35
	R133	4.86	2.08	0.38	0.34
	R166	7.01	3.14	0.48	0.35
2022	R33	1.30	2.96	0.35	0.35
	R66	2.01	3.39	0.41	0.36
	RCK	2.34	3.45	0.46	0.33
	R133	2.55	3.33	0.27	0.30
	R166	2.90	2.88	0.37	0.31

图1 荒漠草原野外试验区设计及降水调控装置。R33: 正常降雨量的33%; R66: 正常降雨量的66%; RCK: 正常降雨量; R133: 正常降雨量的133%; R166: 正常降雨量的166%。

Fig. 1 Desert steppe field test area design and precipitation control device. R33, 33% of normal rainfall; R66, 66% of normal rainfall; RCK, Normal rainfall; R133, 133% of normal rainfall; R166, 166% of normal rainfall.

图2 试验期间月平均降雨量和月平均温度

Fig. 2 Mean monthly precipitation and mean monthly temperature during the experiment

表2 研究区野外试验期间不同降水处理下的降雨量

Table 2 Rainfall during field experiments and under different precipitation treatments during the growing season

年份 Year	33%	66%	100% (CK)	133%	166%
2019	106.6	213.2	323.1	429.7	536.3
2020	66.5	133.0	201.5	268.0	334.5
2021	75.1	150.2	227.6	302.7	377.8
2022	103.1	206.2	312.5	415.6	518.7

表3 不同降水处理下的物种重要值

Table 3 Importance values of species under different precipitation treatments

物种 Species	R33	R66	RCK	R133	R166
猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia	0.27	0.24	0.14	0.36	0.32
牛枝子 Lespeseza potaninii	0.32	0.30	0.32	0.17	0.23
远志 Polygala tenuifolia	0.14	0.08	0.11	0.10	0.07
蒺藜草 Cenchrus echinatus	0.07	0.08	0.05	0.04	0.07
狗尾草 Setaria viridis	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.05	0.06
地锦 Euphorbia humifusa	0.04	0.06	0.14	0.06	0.03
小蒺藜 Tribulus terrester	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.07
米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia verna	0.03	0.02	-	0.03	0.02
小画眉草 Eragrostis minor	0.10	0.05	-	0.06	0.04
条叶车前 Plantago minuta	0.02	0.02	0.01	-	0.01
蒙古冰草 Agropyron mongolicum	-	0.12	0.16	0.24	0.20
猪毛菜 Salsola collina	-	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.05
乳浆大戟 Euphorbia esula	0.06	0.04	-	-	0.06
骆驼蓬 Peganum harmala	0.04	-	-	0.05	-
地肤 Kochia scoparia	-	0.04	0.03	-	-
角蒿 Incarvillea sinensis	-	0.01	-	-	0.01
拐轴鸦葱 Scorzonera divaricata	-	-	0.05	0.04	-
砂珍棘豆 Oxytropis racemosa	-	-	0.04	0.03	-
华北白前 Cynanchum mongolicum	-	0.20	-	-	-
糙叶黄耆 Astragalus scaberrimus	-	0.08	-	-	-
阿尔泰狗娃花 Aster altaicus	-	-	0.04	-	-
飞廉 Carduus nutans	-	-	0.04	-	-
沙葱 Allium mongolicum	-	-	-	0.11	-
灰绿藜 Oxybasis glauca	-	-	-	-	0.03

图3 2019-2022年降水变化下植物群落丰富度。不同小写字母表示同一处理不同年份间差异显著。R33: 正常降雨量的33%; R66: 正常降雨量的66%; RCK: 正常降雨量; R133: 正常降雨量的133%; R166: 正常降雨量的166%。

Fig. 3 The species richness of plant community under precipitation change from 2019 to 2022. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different years in the same treatment. R33, 33% of normal rainfall; R66, 66% of normal rainfall; RCK, Normal rainfall; R133, 133% of normal rainfall; R166, 166% of normal rainfall.

图4 2019-2022年降水变化下植物群落α多样性指数。Y: 年份; P: 降水处理。不同小写字母代表同年不同降水处理下差异显著(P < 0.05); 不同大写字母代表同一降水处理下不同年份差异显著(P < 0.05)。R33: 正常降雨量的33%; R66: 正常降雨量的66%; RCK: 正常降雨量; R133: 正常降雨量的133%; R166: 正常降雨量的166%。

Fig. 4 The α diversity index of plant community under precipitation change from 2019 to 2022. Y, Year; P, Precipitation treatment. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences under different precipitation treatments in the same year (P < 0.05); Different capital letters represent significant differences in different years under the same precipitation treatment (P < 0.05). R33, 33% of normal rainfall; R66, 66% of normal rainfall; RCK, Normal rainfall; R133, 133% of normal rainfall; R166, 166% of normal rainfall.

表4 降水(P)、年份(Y)对细菌群落α多样性的交互影响

Table 4 Interactive effects of precipitation (P) and year (Y) on α diversity of bacterial community

多样性指数 Diversity index	处理 Treatment	F	P
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	P	3.118	0.029
	Y	92.387	< 0.0001
	P × Y	1.420	0.229
Simpson指数 Simpson index	P	2.257	0.086
	Y	76.579	< 0.0001
	P × Y	0.823	0.589
Ace指数 Ace index	P	3.763	0.013
	Y	153.875	< 0.0001
	P × Y	2.965	0.014

图5 基于OTU水平的2019、2021和2022年土壤细菌群落与真菌群落α多样性。(a)细菌; (b)真菌。R33: 正常降雨量的33%; R66: 正常降雨量的66%; RCK: 正常降雨量; R133: 正常降雨量的133%; R166: 正常降雨量的166%。不同小写字母代表同年不同降水处理下差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 The α diversity of soil bacterial community and fungal community in 2019, 2021 and 2022 based on OTU level. (a) Bacteria; (b) Fungi. R33, 33% of normal rainfall; R66, 66% of normal rainfall; RCK, Normal rainfall; R133, 133% of normal rainfall; R166, 166% of normal rainfall. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences under different precipitation treatments in the same year (P < 0.05).

表5 降水(P)、年份(Y)对真菌群落α多样性的交互影响

Table 5 Interactive effects of precipitation (P) and year (Y) on α diversity of fungal community

多样性指数 Diversity index	处理 Treatment	F	P
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	P	4.771	0.004
	Y	0.696	0.507
	P × Y	2.106	0.067
Simpson指数 Simpson index	P	3.325	0.023
	Y	1.609	0.217
	P × Y	1.980	0.084
Ace指数 Ace index	P	1.685	0.179
	Y	36.366	< 0.0001
	P × Y	1.491	0.202

图6 降水变化下土壤细菌与真菌群落结构变化的主坐标分析。(a)细菌; (b)真菌。R33: 正常降雨量的33%; R66: 正常降雨量的66%; RCK: 正常降雨量; R133: 正常降雨量的133%; R166: 正常降雨量的166%。

Fig. 6 The principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) results of bacterial and fungal community structure. (a) Bacteria; (b) Fungi. R33, 33% of normal rainfall; R66, 66% of normal rainfall; RCK, Normal rainfall; R133, 133% of normal rainfall; R166, 166% of normal rainfall.

表6 不同降水处理土壤化学计量与土壤微生物的相关性分析

Table 6 Correlation analysis between soil stoichiometry and soil microorganisms under different precipitation treatments

指标 Indices	土壤全氮 TN	土壤有机碳 SOC	土壤全磷 TP	碳氮比 C/N	碳磷比 C/P	氮磷比 N/P	细菌 Bacteria	真菌 Fungi
土壤全氮 TN	1	0.72**	0.49**	0.16	0.21	0.57**	0.18	0.24
土壤有机碳 SOC		1	0.30	0.15	0.16	0.68**	0.18	0.17
土壤全磷 TP			1	-0.14	-0.14	0.25	-0.39*	-0.29
碳氮比 C/N				1	0.92**	0.53**	0.37*	0.77**
碳磷比 C/P					1	0.46**	0.35*	0.73**
氮磷比 N/P						1	0.23	0.45**
细菌 Bacteria							1	0.81**
真菌 Fungi								1

图7 植物群落α多样性指数与微生物群落多样性指数间相关性分析。H: 植物Shannon-Wiener指数; E: 植物Pielou指数; M: 植物Margalef指数; S: 植物Simpson指数; AGB: 植物地上生物量; BGB: 植物地下生物量; Shannon (Bac): 细菌Shannon-Wiener指数; Simpson (Bac): 细菌Simpson指数; Ace (Bac): 细菌Ace指数; Shannon (Fug): 真菌Shannon-Wiener指数; Simpson (Fug): 真菌Simpson指数; Ace (Fug): 真菌Ace指数。* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01。

Fig. 7 Correlation analysis between plant community diversity index and microbial community diversity index. H, Plant Shannon-Wiener index; E, Plant Pielou index; M, Plant Margalef index; S, Plant Simpson index; AGB, Plant above-ground biomass; BGB, Plant below-ground biomass; Shannon (Bac), Bacterial Shannon-Wiener index; Simpson (Bac), Bacterial Simpson index; Ace (Bac), Bacterial Ace index; Shannon (Fug), Fungal Shannon-Wiener index; Simpson (Fug), Fungal Simpson index; Ace (Fug), Fungal Ace index.

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