中国种子植物物种多样性的大尺度分布格局及其气候解释

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

物种多样性分布格局的研究对于生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。为了解中国种子植物物种多样性的空间分布格局, 本研究利用大尺度的物种分布数据, 结合GIS和统计分析方法, 探讨了中国种子植物物种多样性的大尺度分布格局及其与气候的关系。结果表明, 中国种子植物的物种丰富度和物种密度存在较大的空间变异。从南到北, 物种密度呈显著递减趋势, 而物种丰富度的递减趋势不够明显。面积、年平均温度、年平均降水量和无霜期对物种丰富度、物种密度分布格局均无显著影响。温度年较差、最冷月均温、年平均温度和年平均降水量的空间分异对物种丰富度的分布格局均有显著影响; 温度年较差、最冷月均温和单位面积的年平均温度、年平均降水量的空间分异均显著影响物种密度的分布格局。温度年较差在一定程度上决定了物种丰富度与物种密度的总体分布格局, 而年平均温度以及单位面积的年平均温度空间分异对上述格局的解释率则相对较低。在大尺度的物种多样性格局及其气候解释的相关研究中, 气候因子的空间变异和季节性分异相对表示气候总体水平的年平均温度和年平均降水量而言, 可能更值得关注。

关键词: 物种多样性, 气候因子, 季节性分异, 空间分异, 中国种子植物

Abstract

Understanding spatial patterns of species diversity is a hot topic in global ecology because of its significance to biodiversity conservation. We investigated spatial patterns of Chinese seed plant species diversity and analyzed the correlation between species richness and climatic factors at a large scale. Floral information was obtained from national and regional records of seed plants, and climatic data were taken from 642 observatory sites across China between 1970 and 2000. We detected large spatial variation in species richness and density. Species density decreased with latitude. The following did not affect the spatial patterns of species richness and species density: area, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and frost-free days. Spatial patterns of species richness were affected by annual variation in mean annual temperature, mean temperature during the coldest month, spatial variation of mean annual temperature and precipitation. Spatial patterns of species density were principally shaped by annual variation in mean annual temperature, mean temperature during the coldest month, spatial variation of mean annual temperature per unit area and spatial variation of mean annual precipitation per unit area. Linear step-wise regression models indicated that annual variation in mean annual temperature influenced spatial patterns of species richness, while spatial variation in mean annual temperature and the spatial variation in mean annual temperature per unit area fine-tuned them. Our results imply that spatial and seasonal variation in climatic factors can not be overlooked in research on spatial patterns of species diversity at large scales.

Key words: species diversity, climatic factors, seasonal variation, spatial variation, Chinese seed plants

冯建孟 (2008) 中国种子植物物种多样性的大尺度分布格局及其气候解释. 生物多样性, 16, 470-476. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08027.

Feng Jianmeng (2008) Spatial patterns of species diversity of seed plants in China and their climatic explanation. Biodiversity Science, 16, 470-476. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08027.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08027

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I5/470

图/表 5

参考文献 48

[1]	Bachman S, Baker WJ, Brummitt N, Dransfield J, Moat J (2004) Elevational gradients, area and tropical island diversity: an example from the palms of New Guinea. Ecography, 27,299-310.
[2]	Chen QH (陈谦海) (2004) Flora of Guizhou (贵州植物志) Guizhou Science & Technology Press,Guiyang. (in Chinese)
[3]	Colwell RK, Hurtt GC (1994) Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect. The American Naturalist, 144,570-595.
[4]	Colwell RK, Lees DC (2000) The mid-domain effect: geometric constraints on the geography of species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15,70-76. URL PMID
[5]	Cramer MJ, Willig MR (2002) Habitat heterogeneity, habitat associations, and rodent species diversity in a sand-shinnery-oak landscape. Journal of Mammalogy, 83,743-753.
[6]	Currie D (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137,27-49.
[7]	Editorial Board of Flora of Zhejiang (浙江植物志编辑委员会) (1993) Flora of Zhejiang (浙江植物志). Zhejiang Science Press,Hangzhou. (in Chinese)
[8]	Fang JY (方精云) (2001) Re-discussion about the forest vegetation zonation in eastern China. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 43,522-533. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	Fang JY (方精云) (2004) Exploring altitudinal patterns of plant diversity of China’s mountains. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 12,1-4. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	Fang JY (方精云), Li YD (李意德), Zhu B (朱彪) (2004) Community structures and species richness in the montane rainforest of Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China. Biodiversity Science(生物多样性), 12,29-43. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	Guangdong Institute of Botany (广东省植物研究所) (1977) Flora Hainanica, Vol. IV (海南植物志第四卷). Science Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[12]	He SY (贺士元) (1993) Flora of Beijing(北京植物志). Beijing Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[13]	Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院植物研究所) (2004) Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Digital version)(中国植物志电子版). http://www.cvh.org.cn/.
[14]	Kadmon R, Allouche O (2007) Integrating the effects of area, isolation, and habitat heterogeneity on species diversity: a unification of island biogeography and niche theory. The American Naturalist, 170,443-454. DOI URL PMID
[15]	Kattan GH, Franco P (2004) Bird diversity along elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: area and mass effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13,451-458.
[16]	Klopfer PH (1959) Environmental determinants of faunal diversity. The American Naturalist, 93,337-342.
[17]	Kratochwil A (1999) Biodiversity in ecosystems:some principles. In:Biodiversity in Ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
[18]	Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院昆明植物研究所) (2006) Flora of Yunnan(云南植物志) (1-16). Science Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[19]	Li BG (李伯刚) (1999) Flora of Sichuan(四川植物志). Ethnic Press in Sichuan,Chengdu. (in Chinese)
[20]	Liu MG (刘明光) (1997) Album of Geography of China(中国自然地图集). Sinomap Press,Beijing.
[21]	Liu SW (刘尚武) (1999) Flora of Qinghai(青海植物志). People’s Press in Qinghai,Xining. (in Chinese)
[22]	MacArthur R, Wilson EQ (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press,New Jersey.
[23]	Mackinnon J, Sha M, Cheung C, Carey G, Zhu X, Melville D (1996) A Biodiversity Review of China. WWF International, Hongkong.
[24]	Nogués-Bravo D, Araújo MB (2006) Species richness, area and climate correlates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15,452-460.
[25]	Northwest Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院西北植物研究所) (1981) Flora of Qinling Mountains(秦岭植物志). Science Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[26]	O’Brien EM, Field R, Whittaker RJ (2000) Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity: water-energy dynamics, residual variation and topography. Oikos, 89,588-600.
[27]	Qian H (2007) Relationships between plant and animal species richness at a regional scale in China. Conservation Biology, 21,937-944. DOI URL PMID
[28]	Qian H, Wang SL, He JS, Zhang JL, Wang LS, Wang LX, Guo K (2006) Phytogeographical analysis of seed plant genera in China. Annals of Botany, 98,1073-1084.
[29]	Qian H (1998) Large-scale biogeographic patterns of vascular plant richness in North America: an analysis at the genera level. Journal of Biogeography, 25,829-836.
[30]	Rahbek C, Graves GR (2001) Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 98,4534-4539.
[31]	Rapoport EH (1982) Areography: Geographical Strategies of Species. Pergamon Press,Oxford.
[32]	Romdal TS, Colwell R, Rahbek C (2005) The influence of band sum area, domain extent, and range size on the latitudinal mid-domain effect. Ecology, 86,235-244.
[33]	Rosenzweig ML (1995) Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
[34]	Schulze ED, Mooney HA (1993) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
[35]	Song YC (宋永昌) (1999) Perspective of the vegetation zonation of forest region in eastern China. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 41,541-552. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	Storch D, Davies RG, ZajĺČek S, Orme DL, Olson V, Thomas GH, Ding TS, Rasmussen PC, Ridgely RS, Bennett PM, Blackburn TM, Owens PF, Gaston KJ (2006) Energy, range dynamics and global species richness patterns: reconciling mid-domain effects and environmental determinants of avian diversity. Ecology Letters, 9,1308-1320. URL PMID
[37]	Tews J, Brose U, Grimm V, Tielborger K, Wichmann MC (2004) Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography, 31,79-92.
[38]	Whittaker RH (1977) Evolution of species diversity in land communities. Evolutionary Biology, 10,1-67.
[39]	Whittaker RJ, Nogués-Bravo D, Araújo MB (2007) Geographical gradients of species richness: a test of the water-energy conjecture of Hawkins et al. (2003) using European data for five taxa. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16,76-89.
[40]	Willis KJ, Kleczkowski A, New M, Whittaker R (2007) Testing the impact of climate variability on European plant diversity: 320 000 years of water-energy dynamics and its long-term influence on plant taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters, 10,673-679. URL PMID
[41]	Wright DH (1983) Species-energy theory: an extension of species-area theory. Oikos, 41,496-506.
[42]	Wu ZY (吴征镒) (1980) Vegetation in China(中国植被). Science Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[43]	Wu ZY (吴征镒) (1983) Flora of Xizang (西藏植物志). Science Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[44]	Ying TS (应俊生) (2001) Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 9,393-398. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[45]	Zhang JT (张金屯), Jin YX (金义兴) (1995) Plant community and heterogeneity. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research (武汉植物学研究), 13,329-336. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[46]	Zhao SQ (赵淑清), Fang JY (方精云), Piao SL (朴世龙) (2004) Structure and species diversity of boreal forests in Mt. Baikalu, Huzhong area, Daxingan Mountains, Northeast China. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 12,182-189. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[47]	Zhu DR (朱大仁) (2000) Atlas of China(分省中国地图集). SinoMap Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[48]	Zhu H, Ma YX, Yan LC, Hu HB (2007) The relationship between geography and climate in the generic-level patterns of Chinese seed plants. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (植物分类学报), 45,134-166.

研究单元 Units	物种数 Species richness	物种密度 Species density (No./km²)
宁夏 Ningxia	785	70.7
山东 Shandong	1,175	98.6
河南 Henan	1,656	137.5
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	1,666	128.0
吉林 Jilin	1,698	139.7
江苏 Jiangsu	1,699	147.6
山西 Shanxi	1,701	142.0
辽宁 Liaoning	1,737	145.7
河北 Hebei	1,959	161.2
内蒙古 Neimenggu	1,993	142.6
安徽 Anhui	2,001	168.9
青海 Qinghai	2,036	151.0
浙江 Zhejiang	2,750	238.9
海南 Hainan	2,763	264.8
江西 Jiangxi	2,822	234.3
福建 Fujian	2,977	254.5
湖南 Hunan	3,182	259.7
新疆 Xinjiang	3,252	227.6
陕西 Shaanxi	3,259	265.9
台湾 Taiwan	3,410	325.0
湖北 Hubei	3,430	282.2
甘肃 Gansu	3,579	274.9
贵州 Guizhou	4,821	398.4
广东 Guangdong	4,954	409.4
西藏 Xizang	6,106	435.4
广西 Guangxi	6,339	511.7
四川 Sichuan	9,684	740.3
云南 Yunnan	13,769	1,069.5

研究单元 Units	物种数 Species richness	物种密度 Species density (No./km²)
宁夏 Ningxia	785	70.7
山东 Shandong	1,175	98.6
河南 Henan	1,656	137.5
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	1,666	128.0
吉林 Jilin	1,698	139.7
江苏 Jiangsu	1,699	147.6
山西 Shanxi	1,701	142.0
辽宁 Liaoning	1,737	145.7
河北 Hebei	1,959	161.2
内蒙古 Neimenggu	1,993	142.6
安徽 Anhui	2,001	168.9
青海 Qinghai	2,036	151.0
浙江 Zhejiang	2,750	238.9
海南 Hainan	2,763	264.8
江西 Jiangxi	2,822	234.3
福建 Fujian	2,977	254.5
湖南 Hunan	3,182	259.7
新疆 Xinjiang	3,252	227.6
陕西 Shaanxi	3,259	265.9
台湾 Taiwan	3,410	325.0
湖北 Hubei	3,430	282.2
甘肃 Gansu	3,579	274.9
贵州 Guizhou	4,821	398.4
广东 Guangdong	4,954	409.4
西藏 Xizang	6,106	435.4
广西 Guangxi	6,339	511.7
四川 Sichuan	9,684	740.3
云南 Yunnan	13,769	1,069.5

	单位 Units
年平均温度 Mean annual temperature (MAT)	℃
最冷月均温 Mean temperature during the coldest month (TCM)	℃
无霜期 Frost-free days (FFD)	day
温度年较差 Annual variation of mean annual temperature (AVMAT)	℃
年平均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (MAP)	mm
年平均温度空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual temperature (SVMAT)	℃
年降水量空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual precipitation (SVMAP)	mm
单位面积年平均温度空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual temperature per unit area (SVMATAA)	℃/km²
单位面积年降水量空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual precipitation per unit area (SVMAPAA)	mm/km²

	单位 Units
年平均温度 Mean annual temperature (MAT)	℃
最冷月均温 Mean temperature during the coldest month (TCM)	℃
无霜期 Frost-free days (FFD)	day
温度年较差 Annual variation of mean annual temperature (AVMAT)	℃
年平均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (MAP)	mm
年平均温度空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual temperature (SVMAT)	℃
年降水量空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual precipitation (SVMAP)	mm
单位面积年平均温度空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual temperature per unit area (SVMATAA)	℃/km²
单位面积年降水量空间分异 Spatial variation of mean annual precipitation per unit area (SVMAPAA)	mm/km²

	气候因子 Climate factors
	Area	MAT	MAP	SVMAT	SVMAP	TCM	AVMAT	FFD	SVMATAA	SVMAPAA
物种丰富度 Species richness	0.17^ns	0.30^ns	0.20^ns	0.44^*	0.63^***	0.44^*	-0.67^***	0.28^ns	-	-
物种密度 Species density	-	0.37^ns	0.28^ns	-	-	0.51^**	-0.72^***	0.34^ns	0.38^*	0.55^**