足茎毛兰的欺骗性传粉研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08096

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

一些兰科植物常常利用多种多样的欺骗性传粉机制吸引传粉者, 唇瓣上的附属物就是其中之一。黄色被认为对昆虫具有吸引作用。在广西雅长兰科植物自治区级保护区内秋季开花的足茎毛兰(Eria coronaria)唇瓣上具有鲜明的黄色斑块, 这种花部信号很可能与吸引昆虫有关系。为验证这一假设, 我们在广西雅长保护区内对足茎毛兰的传粉过程进行了观察。研究发现, 足茎毛兰的唯一传粉者是中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)。与足茎毛兰同在秋季开花的植物主要有光叶海桐(Pittosporum glabratum)。光叶海桐的花中有丰富的花蜜和花粉, 吸引大量中华蜜蜂访问。足茎毛兰虽然不为中华蜜蜂提供任何报酬, 但其唇瓣上的黄色斑块的颜色和形态大小与光叶海桐的黄色花相似。根据中华蜜蜂在足茎毛兰和光叶海桐花上的活动情况, 我们认为足茎毛兰唇瓣上鲜明的黄色斑块对中华蜜蜂有吸引作用。中华蜜蜂访花时, 通常降落在唇瓣的黄色斑块上, 调整身体姿势后进入花内, 在退出的过程中将花粉块带出或将所携带的花粉块授到柱头上, 而药帽留在原来的位置。足茎毛兰的花部构造, 特别是药帽的形状与中华蜜蜂的形态以及在花上的行为十分吻合, 因此中华蜜蜂的传粉效率较高。人工授粉实验表明足茎毛兰需要依赖传粉者才能完成传粉过程。足茎毛兰在研究样地的自然结实率为20.72%, 接近于食源欺骗性传粉兰科植物的平均结实率(20.7%)。

关键词: 黄色斑块, 唇瓣, 欺骗性传粉机制, 中华蜜蜂, 药帽, 同期开花植物

Abstract

Appendages on orchid floral labellum that lack floral rewards for pollinators are considered attractive signals to potential pollinators. Eria coronaria, which has an unusual autumn flowering season in some locations, has a bright yellow spot on its labellum. This spot has been hypothesized to function as a visual attractant to potential pollinators because its color may be attractive to insects. We tested this hypothesis using field observations between October and November of 2006 in the Yachang Nature Reserve, Guangxi, southwestern China. Honeybee (Apis cerana cerana) was the only pollinator of this orchid. Generally, honeybees landed directly on the yellow spot on labellum, and then adjusted their position and entered the flower. When honeybees retreated from flowers, the pollinaria were adhered on their thorax, or the pollinaria carried by honeybee were stuck on the stigma. The anther cap, however, did not separate from the column when the pollinaria were carried away from the flower. This orchid did not provide any rewards to honeybees. The flowers of a co-blooming plant,Pittosporum glabratum, with abundant nectars and pollens, attracted numerous honeybee visitations during this period. The flower color and size of P. glabratum were similar to that of the spot on the labellum of E. coronaria. Based on the behaviors of honeybees on the flowers of bothP. glabratum and E. coronaria, we speculated that the bright yellow spot on labellum of this orchid functions as an attractant to honeybees. Hand-pollination experiments showed that E. coronaria was self-compatible, but that reproductive success depended on pollinators. Under natural conditions, the rate of fruit set of E. coronaria was 20.72%, which is very close to the average fruit set of other food deceptive orchids (20.7%).

Key words: yellow spot, labellum, attractive signal, Apis cerana cerana, anther cap, co-blooming plants

上官法智, 程瑾, 熊源新, 罗毅波 (2008) 足茎毛兰的欺骗性传粉研究. 生物多样性, 16, 477-483. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08096.

Fazhi Shangguan, Jin Cheng, Yuanxin Xiong, Yibo Luo (2008) Deceptive pollination of an autumn flowering orchid Eria coronaria (Orchidaceae). Biodiversity Science, 16, 477-483. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08096.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08096

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I5/477

图/表 5

图1 2006年足茎毛兰开花动态

Fig. 1 Dynamics of flowering of Eria coronaria in 2006

图2 足茎毛兰的传粉。(A) 示柱头接受花粉2.80±1.20天后花瓣向内闭合, 环抱在合蕊柱前面并挡住唇瓣入口; (B) 足茎毛兰唇瓣上的黄色斑块与光叶海桐花对比; (C) 中华蜜蜂进入足茎毛兰花中; (D) 携带着足茎毛兰花粉块的中华蜜蜂。

Fig. 2 The pollination of Eria coronaria.(A) The petals closed towards inside and covered the column and blocked the entrance of flower of Eria coronaria at 2.8±1.20 days after the stigma received pollinia. (B) Showing the similar size and color of the yellow spot on the labellum ofEria coronaria and the flower of Pittosporum glabratum that co-bloomed with the orchid. (C)Apis cerana cerana entered into the flower of Eria coronaria. (D) The pollinaria being carried on the thorax ofApis cerana cerana.

表1 5个样地内足茎毛兰植株数和花朵数

Table 1 Number of plants and flowers in five studied plots of Eria coronaria

样地 Plot	面积 Area (m²)	基株数 No. of ramets	花序数 No. of inflorescences	花朵数 Flowers
a	1×1	163	10	23
b	1×1	236	26	42
c	1×1	263	46	68
d	1×1	158	28	53
e	1×1	314	39	65
总计 Total	5	1,134	149	251

图3 中华蜜蜂传粉过程示意图。(A) 中华蜜蜂在进花时会由于药帽的半圆形面朝外, 阻力较小易进入花中; (B) 中华蜜蜂在退出花时背部盾片被药帽截形平面阻挡; (C) 中华蜜蜂被药帽截形平面阻挡后, 就会向上拱起药帽, 从而使花粉块向下运动粘附在中华蜜蜂的中胸部位; (D) 携带着花粉块的中华蜜蜂访问下一朵花时, 在进入花的过程中花粉块被授到柱头上。

Fig. 3 Pollination process of Apis cerana ceranain the flower of Eria coronaria.(A) The half-circular side of anther cap makes Apis cerana cerana enter easily into the flower of Eria coronaria. (B) Apis cerana ceranais blocked by the anther cap when it retreats from the flower of E. coronaria. (C) The anther cap is raised by the blocked honey bee, which makes the pollinaria move down and adhere on the thorax of honeybee by viscidium. (D) The pollinaria carried on the thorax of honey bee have been pollinated on the stigma when the bee enters another flower.

表2 足茎毛兰花形态学特征

Table 2 Floral morphological features of Eria coronaria

	样本数 Sample size	平均数 Mean ± SD (cm)
蕊柱长 Length of column	12	1.09 ± 0.03
入口深 Length of entrance	12	1.33 ± 0.03
入口宽 Width of entrance	12	0.70 ± 0.02
入口高 Height of entrance	12	0.22 ± 0.01
柱头高 Height of stigma*	12	0.35 ± 0.01

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