城市公共绿地常见木本植物组成对鸟类群落的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13168

生物多样性 ›› 2014, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (2): 196-207. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13168 cstr: 32101.14.SP.J.1003.2014.13168

城市公共绿地常见木本植物组成对鸟类群落的影响

王勇¹, 许洁¹, 杨刚¹, 李宏庆¹, 吴时英², 唐海明², 马波⁴, 王正寰^1,^3,^*()

1 华东师范大学生命科学学院, 上海 200062
2 上海浦东新区林业站, 上海 200120
3 上海市城市化生态过程与生态恢复重点实验室, 华东师范大学, 上海 200062
4 上海野生动物保护管理站, 上海 200233

收稿日期:2013-07-19 接受日期:2013-12-09 出版日期:2014-03-20 发布日期:2014-04-03
通讯作者: 王正寰
基金资助:
浦东新区科技发展基金(PKJ2011-N020)

The composition of common woody plant species and their influence on bird communities in urban green areas

Yong Wang¹, Jie Xu¹, Gang Yang¹, Hongqing Li¹, Shiying Wu², Haiming Tang², Bo Ma⁴, Zhenghuan Wang^1,^3,^*()

1 School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062
2 Forestry Station of Pudong, Shanghai 200120
3 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062
4 Department of Wildlife Protection Administration, Shanghai 200233

Received:2013-07-19 Accepted:2013-12-09 Online:2014-03-20 Published:2014-04-03
Contact: Wang Zhenghuan

1. 附录I 2009–2010年上海滨江森林公园记录到的陆生鸟类 .pdf(204KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

快速城市化背景下, 城市公共绿地已经成为重要的鸟类栖息地, 其中的木本植物群落构成对鸟类群落结构有显著影响, 研究木本植物配置与鸟类多样性的关系对提升城市公共绿地作为鸟类栖息地的生态服务功能有重要的理论和应用价值。我们于2009–2010年间在上海市滨江森林公园就木本植物和鸟类群落的相互关系展开研究。样线法结合样点调查共记录到鸟类10目25科64种5,368只(次), 鸟类多度全年变化显著, 峰值分别出现在4月和11月。丰富度全年也呈现双峰型变化, 峰值出现在4月和12月。全年鸟类多样性(Simpson指数)差异显著, 10月最高, 8月最低。样方调查共记录到77种木本植物, 其中有14种(乔木9种、灌木5种)出现率超过5个样方, 定义为常见种, 其果期主要集中在9月到翌年2月, 其上常见林业致病害虫的发生盛期集中在5–11月。主成分分析显示, 常见木本植物上观察到的鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团, Spearman秩相关检验显示秋冬季常见木本植物果期与植食性、肉食性、食虫性、杂食性等多个鸟类集团的多度均呈显著正相关。说明在秋冬季鸟类迁徙高峰期不同鸟类集团均能获得丰富的食物资源。就常见木本植物对鸟类群落的重要值进行排序, 结果显示, 大叶杨(Populus lasiocarpa)、枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)等乔木对鸟类重要值较高, 而灌木层对鸟类的重要性整体偏低, 说明滨江森林公园的灌木层作为鸟类栖息地的功能建设尚需加强。根据以上研究结果, 我们提出了提高上海城市公园鸟类多样性的植被配置建议。

关键词: 城市化, 城市绿地, 上海, 鸟类集团, 植物群落, 木本植物

Abstract

Urban green areas are important habitats for birds in rapidly urbanized areas. The composition of woody plant species has a significant influence on the structure of bird communities in urban green areas. Therefore, to enhance the function of public green areas as wild bird habitats, we studied how woody plants influenced the composition of the bird community in Binjiang Forest Park, a typical urban green area in Shanghai city. A total of 5,368 individual birds belonging to 64 species from 25 families and 10 orders were recorded during line transect and point-count surveys conducted between 2009 and 2010. Data on bird abundance showed significant differences among months, with the two highest abundances recorded in April and November. A plot of the data on bird species richness against time (months) showed a curve with two peaks, with the highest abundance recorded in April and December. The values of the Simpson index showed significant variation in bird diversity over the year, with the highest value recorded in October and the lowest in August. With square-plot (400 m²) sampling analysis, a total of 77 woody plant species in the park was identified. Only 14 of these species were recorded in at least five plots (nine trees and five shrubs). These species were considered common woody species. The fruiting seasons of 12 of these species occurred during periods between September and the following February. The principal outbreaks of insects with significance to forestry occurred from May to November. A principal component analysis was used to group all birds observed on the 14 woody plant species into 8 guilds according to their diets, foraging behaviors, and distributions in various vegetation layers. A Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the autumn-winter fruiting season was significantly positively correlated with 5 bird guilds, including vegetarians, omnivores, raptors, and insectivores. The abundant food supply coincided with the highest bird abundance and richness in autumn and winter. An analysis of the importance of each common woody plant species for the bird community was also performed based on the evaluation of the relative richness, relative abundance, and relative number of bird guilds. The results showed that during autumn and winter, fruiting plants provided rich food resources for terrestrial migratory birds; trees such as Populus lasiocarpa, Pterocarya stenoptera, and Cinnamomum camphora had a greater importance than shrubs. The relatively lower importance of the common shrub species to birds implies that the shrub community of the park needs to be reviewed. Comments and recommendations are provided based on our research results.

Key words: urbanization, urban green area, Shanghai, guild of birds, vegetation community, woody plant species

王勇, 许洁, 杨刚, 李宏庆, 吴时英, 唐海明, 马波, 王正寰 (2014) 城市公共绿地常见木本植物组成对鸟类群落的影响. 生物多样性, 22, 196-207. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13168.

Yong Wang,Jie Xu,Gang Yang,Hongqing Li,Shiying Wu,Haiming Tang,Bo Ma,Zhenghuan Wang (2014) The composition of common woody plant species and their influence on bird communities in urban green areas. Biodiversity Science, 22, 196-207. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13168.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13168

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2014/V22/I2/196

图/表 7

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	花期 Flowering period	果期 Fruiting period	出现的样方数 Number of plots presented
落羽杉 Taxodium distichum	3–4月 From Mar. to Apr.	10月至1月 From Oct. to Jan.	13
香樟 Cinnamomum camphora	4–5月 From Apr. to May	8月至2月 From Aug. to Feb.	13
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora	5–6月 From May to Jun.	10月至11月 From Oct. to Nov.	8
女贞 Ligustrum lucidum	7月 Jul.	10月至2月 From Oct. to Feb.	7
枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	4月 Apr.	8月至9月 From Aug. to Sep.	8
大叶杨 Populus lasiocarpa	4–5月 From Apr. to May	6月 Jun.	7
池杉 Taxodium ascendens	3–4月 From Mar. to Apr.	10月至1月 From Oct. to Jan.	7
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides	3月 Mar.	10月至1月 From Oct. to Jan.	5
棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei	5–6月 From May to Jun.	8月至10月 From Aug. to Oct.	11
八角金盘 Fatsia japonica	10–11月 From Oct. to Nov.	4月 Apr.	9
海桐 Pittosporum tobira	4–6月 From Apr. to Jun.	9月至12月 From Sep. to Dec.	7
珊瑚树 Viburnum odoratissinum	5–6月 From May to Jun.	9月至11月 From Sep. to Nov.	5
罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus	4–5月 From Apr. to May	8月至9月 From Aug. to Sep.	5
小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	7月 Jul.	10月 Oct.	5

	花期 Flowering period	果期 Fruiting period	出现的样方数 Number of plots presented
落羽杉 Taxodium distichum	3–4月 From Mar. to Apr.	10月至1月 From Oct. to Jan.	13
香樟 Cinnamomum camphora	4–5月 From Apr. to May	8月至2月 From Aug. to Feb.	13
广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora	5–6月 From May to Jun.	10月至11月 From Oct. to Nov.	8
女贞 Ligustrum lucidum	7月 Jul.	10月至2月 From Oct. to Feb.	7
枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	4月 Apr.	8月至9月 From Aug. to Sep.	8
大叶杨 Populus lasiocarpa	4–5月 From Apr. to May	6月 Jun.	7
池杉 Taxodium ascendens	3–4月 From Mar. to Apr.	10月至1月 From Oct. to Jan.	7
水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides	3月 Mar.	10月至1月 From Oct. to Jan.	5
棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei	5–6月 From May to Jun.	8月至10月 From Aug. to Oct.	11
八角金盘 Fatsia japonica	10–11月 From Oct. to Nov.	4月 Apr.	9
海桐 Pittosporum tobira	4–6月 From Apr. to Jun.	9月至12月 From Sep. to Dec.	7
珊瑚树 Viburnum odoratissinum	5–6月 From May to Jun.	9月至11月 From Sep. to Nov.	5
罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus	4–5月 From Apr. to May	8月至9月 From Aug. to Sep.	5
小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	7月 Jul.	10月 Oct.	5

变量 Variables	主成分 Principal components
变量 Variables	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4
食虫 Insectivorous	–0.150	–0.190	–0.865	0.281
杂食性 Omnivorous	–0.172	0.258	0.891	0.236
植食性 Phytophagous	–0.230	–0.043	0.003	–0.861
食肉 Carnivorous	0.892	–0.056	0.056	–0.033
乔木 Tree layer	0.344	–0.329	0.371	–0.396
灌木 Shrub layer	–0.345	–0.021	0.003	0.683
地被 Ground layer	–0.278	0.608	0.402	0.210
拾取 Picking feeding	–0.440	0.842	0.165	–0.002
探取 Probing feeding	–0.248	–0.924	–0.137	0.043
飞取 Plunging feeding	0.938	–0.094	–0.071	–0.050
解释方差的百分比 Explained variance (%)	23.494	21.575	18.951	15.480
特征值 Eigenvalue	3.203	2.256	1.405	1.086

变量 Variables	主成分 Principal components
变量 Variables	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4
食虫 Insectivorous	–0.150	–0.190	–0.865	0.281
杂食性 Omnivorous	–0.172	0.258	0.891	0.236
植食性 Phytophagous	–0.230	–0.043	0.003	–0.861
食肉 Carnivorous	0.892	–0.056	0.056	–0.033
乔木 Tree layer	0.344	–0.329	0.371	–0.396
灌木 Shrub layer	–0.345	–0.021	0.003	0.683
地被 Ground layer	–0.278	0.608	0.402	0.210
拾取 Picking feeding	–0.440	0.842	0.165	–0.002
探取 Probing feeding	–0.248	–0.924	–0.137	0.043
飞取 Plunging feeding	0.938	–0.094	–0.071	–0.050
解释方差的百分比 Explained variance (%)	23.494	21.575	18.951	15.480
特征值 Eigenvalue	3.203	2.256	1.405	1.086

月份Month	开花植物数量 Number of flowering species	结果植物数量Number of fruiting species	鸟类群落变量 Variables of the bird community			各鸟类集团的鸟类多度 Abundance of birds in each guild^*
月份Month	开花植物数量 Number of flowering species	结果植物数量Number of fruiting species	多度 Abundance	丰富度 Species richness	多样性 Diversity		HC	OC	RF	IP	IC	OP	HP	IF
1	0	4	468	25	0.865	198		161	4	11	37	0	0	0
2	0	2	455	31	0.868	61		227	15	6	109	5	2	0
3	3	1	374	35	0.900	31		215	23	7	79	0	1	0
4	7	1	475	44	0.884	93		223	21	21	37	0	44	1
5	7	1	361	34	0.893	56		131	23	3	13	0	0	0
6	4	1	310	28	0.908	12		188	28	5	26	0	0	0
7	2	1	282	27	0.896	17		115	23	4	8	0	0	0
8	0	5	261	33	0.871	35		124	22	4	15	0	0	0
9	0	6	435	24	0.854	68		269	9	24	57	0	0	0
10	1	10	627	36	0.906	114		282	11	29	253	0	0	0
11	1	8	709	49	0.909	79		315	11	14	191	3	0	0
12	0	6	610	44	0.912	87		312	12	18	113	0	29	0

城市公共绿地常见木本植物组成对鸟类群落的影响

The composition of common woody plant species and their influence on bird communities in urban green areas

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植被分层 Vegetation layer	常见木本 Species	数量 Amount	鸟类丰富度 Richness^*	鸟类多度 Abundance^*	鸟类集团数 Amount of bird guild^*	植物重要值 Importance value of the plant (IP)
乔木层 Tree layer	大叶杨 Populus lasiocarpa	52	18 (0.5)	231 (0.19)	5 (0.71)	0.026
	枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	48	12 (0.33)	79 (0.07)	5 (0.71)	0.023
	香樟 Cinnamomum camphora	100	15 (0.42)	239 (0.2)	5 (0.71)	0.013
	池杉 Taxodium ascendens	73	9 (0.25)	64 (0.05)	4 (0.57)	0.012
	落羽杉 T. distichum	180	27 (0.75)	292 (0.24)	7 (1)	0.011
	棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei	55	5 (0.14)	15 (0.01)	3 (0.43)	0.010
	女贞 Ligustrum lucidum	55	5 (0.14)	7 (0.006)	3 (0.43)	0.010
	广玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora	93	5 (0.14)	17 (0.01)	4 (0.57)	0.008
	水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides	143	11 (0.31)	29 (0.02)	5 (0.71)	0.007
灌木层 Shrub layer	八角金盘 Fatsia japonica	58	8 (0.22)	110 (0.09)	4 (0.57)	0.015
	罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus	30	2 (0.06)	35 (0.03)	2 (0.29)	0.012
	珊瑚树 Viburnum odoratissinum	48	8 (0.22)	53 (0.04)	2 (0.29)	0.011
	海桐 Pittosporum tobira	70	7 (0.19)	24 (0.02)	4 (0.57)	0.011
	小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	11	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0

鸟类物种 Species		地理型 Geographical distribution pattern	居留型 Migratory pattern	鸟类集团 Bird guilds
1	雀鹰 Accipiter nisus nisosimilis	P	W	RF
2	普通鵟 Buteo buteo*	P	W	RF
3	山斑鸠 Streptopelia orientalis*	W	R	OC
4	珠颈斑鸠 S. chinensis*	O	R	HC
5	棕腹杜鹃 Hierococcyx fugax	O	P	IP
6	大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus	W	P	IP
7	小杜鹃 C. poliocephalus	W	P	IP
8	大斑啄木鸟 Dendrocopos major*	O	R	IP
9	黄鹡鸰 Motacilla flava macronyx	P	P	IC
10	白鹡鸰 M. alba*	P	P	IC
11	树鹨 Anthus hodgsoni *	P	W	OC
12	白头鹎 Pycnonotus sinensis*	W	R	OC
13	棕背伯劳 Lanius schach*	O	W	RF
14	丝光椋鸟 Sturnus sericeus*	O	R	OC
15	灰椋鸟 S. cineraceus*	P	W	OC
16	黑领椋鸟 Gracupica nigricollis*	W	R	OC
17	八哥 Acridotheres cristatellus*	O	R	OC
18	戴菊 Regulus regulus*	P	W	IC
19	乌灰鸫 Turdus cardis	O	P	IC
20	红胁蓝尾鸲 Tarsiger cyanurus*	P	W	IP
21	北红尾鸲 Phoenicurus auroreus*	P	W	IP
22	虎斑地鸫 Zoothera dauma aurea*	P	P	IC
23	灰背鸫 Turdus hortulorum*	P	P	IP
24	乌鸫 T. merula*	O	P	OC
25	白腹鸫 T. pallidus*	P	W	IC
26	斑鸫 T. naumanni *	P	W	IC
27	画眉 Garrulax canorus*	O	R	OC
28	棕头鸦雀 Paradoxornis webbianus*	O	R	IC
29	黄眉柳莺 Phylloscopus inornatus*	P	P	IC
30	黄腰柳莺 P. proregulus*	P	P	IC
31	极北柳莺 P. borealis	P	P	IC
32	白眉鸫 Turdus obscurus*	P	W	IC
33	北灰鹟 Muscicapa dauurica*	P	P	IF
34	灰纹鹟 M. griseisticta*	P	P	IF
35	黄腹山雀 Parus venustulus	O	W	IC
36	大山雀 P. major*	W	R	IC
37	暗绿绣眼鸟 Zosterops japonicus	O	S	OP
38	[树]麻雀 Passer montanus	W	R	OC
39	燕雀 Fringilla montifringilla*	P	W	HP
40	金翅 Carduelis sinica*	W	R	HC
41	黑尾蜡嘴雀 Eophona migratoria*	P	W	HC
42	锡嘴雀 Coccothraustes coccothraustes*	P	W	OC
43	黄喉鹀 Emberiza elegans*	P	W	IC
44	灰头鹀 E. spodocephala*	P	W	OC
45	田鹀 E. rustica*	P	W	OC
46	小鹀 E. pusilla*	P	W	OC

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