巢居蚂蚁更倾向于在人造光源附近定居繁殖

doi:10.17520/biods.2022067

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (8): 22067. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022067 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2022067

所属专题：昆虫多样性与生态功能

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

巢居蚂蚁更倾向于在人造光源附近定居繁殖

杨润明¹^,², 中村彰宏¹^,³^,^*()

1.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园森林生态重点实验室, 云南勐腊 666303
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.中国科学院核心植物园植物生态中心, 云南勐腊 666303

收稿日期:2022-02-09 接受日期:2022-03-18 出版日期:2022-08-20 发布日期:2022-08-31
通讯作者: 中村彰宏
作者简介:*E-mail: a.nakamura@xtbg.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金合作与交流项目(32161160324)

Cavity-dwelling ants tend to colonize close to artificial light

Runming Yang¹^,², Akihiro Nakamura¹^,³^,^*()

1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303

Received:2022-02-09 Accepted:2022-03-18 Online:2022-08-20 Published:2022-08-31
Contact: Akihiro Nakamura

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

光污染被认为是“环境陷阱”, 可以聚集周围的昆虫。而昆虫的聚集和光源本身可能会吸引捕食性昆虫在光源附近定居繁殖, 从而改变昆虫群落的结构, 威胁昆虫多样性和生态系统服务功能。蚂蚁(膜翅目)是昆虫中的优势类群, 能提供多种生态系统服务功能, 其中有许多巢居型蚂蚁利用中空的树枝或者竹子筑巢繁殖, 是森林中非常重要的捕食者和分解者。然而, 光污染对巢居蚂蚁群落的影响尚不清楚。本研究以巢居蚂蚁为研究对象, 探究在雨季和干季3种不同生境(原始林、次生林、橡胶林)中发光二极管(LED灯)在空间距离上对巢居蚂蚁筑巢模式以及群落组成的影响。我们在3种生境中共安装了15个LED灯, 并在距离光源0 m、10 m、50 m和100 m处设置不同入口大小的人工竹巢, 7周后回收。竹巢中共发现蚂蚁40种形态种, 隶属于12个属, 其中弓背蚁属(Camponotus)是优势属。接近光源处的竹巢占用率最高, 且在干季最明显; 在远离光源处(10-100 m)占用率较低, 并且在3种不同的生境呈现相同的模式。竹巢入口大小对竹巢占用率没有显著影响。雨季和干季的蚂蚁群落组成差异显著; 干季原始林和次生林、次生林和橡胶林蚂蚁群落组成有弱显著差异; 在3种生境中不同灯距下蚂蚁群落组成没有显著差异。我们的研究表明, 光污染增加了巢居蚂蚁在光源处的筑巢密度, 影响蚂蚁群落组成和空间分布。

关键词: 光污染, 蚂蚁, 群落结构, 人工竹巢, 原始林, 次生林, 橡胶林

Abstract

Aim: Light pollution is considered as an “environmental trap” that can attract insects from surrounding areas. Increased availability of insects and the presence of light itself may attract predators to colonize and nests near to the artificial lights, potentially altering insect diversity and ecosystem services. Ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) are one of the dominant predatory insects, and many cavity-dwelling ants use hollow branches or bamboo to build nests and reproduction. Despite their significance in predation and other ecosystem functions, the effects of light pollution on nesting ant communities remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of light-emitting diodes (LED) on nesting patterns and community composition in three different habitats (primary forest, secondary forest, and rubber plantation) in rainy and dry seasons.

Methods: In total, 15 LED lights were installed across three habitats, and artificial bamboo nests with different entrance sizes were set at 0 m, 10 m, 50 m, and 100 m away from the light source. Bamboo nests were left for seven weeks.

Results: We found 12 ant genera with 40 morphospecies in bamboo nests, among which Camponotus was the dominant genus. Our results reveal that areas immediately adjacent to the light source increased the occupancy rate but this was only evident in dry season. The occupancy rate remained low across distances away from the light (10-100 m). The same pattern was found across the three different habitats. The community composition of ants was significantly different between the seasons, but was marginally significant among the three habitats in the dry season only. Community composition did not change with the distance from the light source. Entrance size had no significant effect on bamboo nest occupancy.

Conclusion: Our study shows that light pollution attracted nesting ants and altered their spatial distribution which may result in modified ecosystem functions near the artificial lights.

Key words: light pollution, Formicidae, community assemblage, bamboo nest, primary forest, secondary forest, rubber plantation

杨润明, 中村彰宏 (2022) 巢居蚂蚁更倾向于在人造光源附近定居繁殖. 生物多样性, 30, 22067. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022067.

Runming Yang, Akihiro Nakamura (2022) Cavity-dwelling ants tend to colonize close to artificial light. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22067. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022067.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022067

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I8/22067

图/表 8

图1 人工竹巢制作(a, b)和野外设置(c, d; 竹巢被水平固定在树干表面, 离地面约1.5 m, 保持开孔向下以防止雨水进入)

Fig. 1 Artificial bamboo nests production (a and b) and setting in the field (c and d; nests were fixed on the tree trunk, 1.5 m away from the ground and keeping the hole downward for prevent raining water)

表1 雨季和干季3种生境中竹巢内蚂蚁属及形态种分类信息

Table 1 Taxonomic information of ants found in artificial bamboo nests

属 Genus	干季 Dry season						雨季 Rainy season
	原始林 Primary forest		次生林 Secondary forest		橡胶林 Rubber plantation		原始林 Primary forest		次生林 Secondary forest		橡胶林 Rubber plantation
	NS	NN	NS	NN	NS	NN	NS	NN	NS	NN	NS	NN
弓背蚁属 Camponotus	6	17	4	8	6	19	3	6	2	13	3	12
举腹蚁属 Crematogaster	1	1	2	6	2	7	2	3	2	9	0	0
臭蚁属 Dolichoderus	1	7	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
大头蚁属 Pheidole	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
菲臭蚁属 Philidris	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2
多刺蚁属 Polyrhachis	1	1	0	0	0	0	2	6	0	0	2	2
棒角蚁属 Rhopalomastix	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
酸臭蚁属 Tapinoma	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2
狡臭蚁属 Technomyrmex	1	1	0	0	2	2	1	3	0	0	2	3
铺道蚁属 Tetramorium	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	1	1
虹臭蚁属 Iridomyrmex	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
小家蚁属 Monomorium	0	0	1	1	2	5	0	0	0	0	2	10
合计 Total	11	28	9	18	13	34	11	22	5	23	13	32

表2 存在蚂蚁的竹巢和被蚂蚁占用的竹巢最佳glmmTMB模型筛选。加粗AIC值表示最小值, 模型为最佳模型。

Table 2 The glmmTMB best model selection of bamboos with ants and bamboos with nesting ants. The bold AIC values indicate lowest value which is the best model.

模型 Model	存在蚂蚁的竹巢 Bamboos with ants	被蚂蚁占用的竹巢 Bamboos with nesting ants
模型 Model	AIC	AIC
R~ D + S + (1 \| T) + D:S	780	591
R ~ D + H + S + (1 \| T) + D:S	782	593
R ~ D + H + S + (1 \| T) + D:S + D:H	783	594
R ~ D + H + S + (1 \| T) + D:S + S:H	783	596
R~ D + S + (1 \| T)	784	592
R ~ D + H + S + (1 \| T) + D:S + S:H + D:H	784	597
R ~ D + H + S + (1 \| T) + D:S + S:H + D:H + D:H:S	785	596

表3 存在蚂蚁的竹巢和被蚂蚁占用的竹巢glmmTMB最佳模型(加粗P值表示< 0.05)

Table 3 The glmmTMB best models of bamboos with ants and bamboos with nesting ants. The bold P values indicate P < 0.05.

固定因子 Fixed effects	存在蚂蚁的竹巢 Bamboos with ants			被蚂蚁占用的竹巢 Bamboos with nesting ants
固定因子 Fixed effects	χ²	df	P	χ²	df	P
D	11.245	1	< 0.001	11.518	1	< 0.001
S	6.109	1	0.013	4.235	1	0.039
D:S	5.501	1	0.019	1.713	1	0.191

图2 不同季节、生境和灯距下存在蚂蚁(a)和蚂蚁占用(b)的竹巢数量平均占比。图上为标准误差线, 干季100 m处未设置竹巢, 上方数值表示灯距, PF为原始林, SF为次生林, RP为橡胶林。

Fig. 2 Mean proportion of bamboos occupied by ants (a) and nesting ants (b) at different distances away from the light source (0, 10, 50 and 100 m) across the three habitats and two seasons. Error bars are standard errors. Bamboo nests were not set at 100 m site in dry season. PF, Primary forest; SF, Secondary forest; RP, Rubber plantation.

图3 3种生境中存在蚂蚁(a)和蚂蚁占用(b)的不同竹巢数量平均占比。图上为标准误差线, 上方数值表示竹巢入口大小, PF为原始林, SF为次生林, RP为橡胶林。

Fig. 3 Mean proportion of bamboos with different entrance size occupied by ants (a) and nesting ants (b) across the three habitats. Error bars are standard errors. PF, Primary forest; SF, Secondary forest; RP, Rubber plantation.

图4 雨季和干季3种生境中竹巢内蚂蚁群落非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)

Fig. 4 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of the ant assemblages found in the bamboo sticks placed in primary forest (PF), secondry forest (SF) and rubber plantation (RP) in dry and rainy seasons.

图5 3种生境中沿着灯距竹巢内蚂蚁群落组成非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)。原始林10 m处发现稀有种, 致使NMDS分析中出现极端离群值, 在图中已被移除。

Fig. 5 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of the ant assemblages found in the bamboo sticks placed in primary forest (PF), secondry forest (SF) and rubber plantation (RP) along the distance. Rare species were found at 10 m in the primary forest, caused extreme outlier in NMDS analysis, which had been removed in the figure.

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巢居蚂蚁更倾向于在人造光源附近定居繁殖

Cavity-dwelling ants tend to colonize close to artificial light

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