生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (4): 385-396. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09102
所属专题: 保护生物学: 现状和挑战
张健1,2, 李步杭1,2, 白雪娇1,2, 原作强1,2, 王绪高1, 叶吉1, 郝占庆1,*()
收稿日期:
2009-04-17
接受日期:
2009-06-24
出版日期:
2009-07-20
发布日期:
2009-07-20
通讯作者:
郝占庆
作者简介:
*E-mail: hzq@iae.ac.cn基金资助:
Jian Zhang1,2, Buhang Li1,2, Xuejiao Bai1,2, Zuoqiang Yuan1,2, Xugao Wang1, Ji Ye1, Zhanqing Hao1,*()
Received:
2009-04-17
Accepted:
2009-06-24
Online:
2009-07-20
Published:
2009-07-20
Contact:
Zhanqing Hao
摘要:
为了解阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林乔木树种幼苗的组成及其年际动态, 以长白山阔叶红松林25 ha动态监测样地为平台, 在样地内150个种子收集器周围设置了600个5 m×5 m幼苗样方。基于2006-2008年连续3年的幼苗样方调查数据, 对乔木幼苗的树种组成、数量组成、空间分布特征、年际动态、新增和死亡幼苗组成等进行了分析。结果表明: (1)从树种组成来看, 该群落乔木树种的幼苗组成种类较为丰富, 共记录到21个树种, 这些树种也是样地内胸径1 cm以上乔木树种的主要组成成分。树种组成在年际间变化不大, 但各样方间表现出极大的空间变异。(2)从数量组成来看, 共记录到11,959株乔木幼苗, 以水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗数最多, 占总幼苗数的72.75%; 水曲柳、紫椴和红松的幼苗数量在年际间有明显波动, 其他树种年际间波动较小。(3)从新增和死亡幼苗的数量与组成来看, 共记录到15个乔木树种的新增幼苗, 其中紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭(Acer mono)、红松等10个树种在每次调查中都有新苗记录, 新苗数量在年际间随物种和样方位置表现出明显差异。(4)对各树种的幼苗、种子和大树的组成和空间分布的比较发现, 各树种的幼苗、种子和大树之间的数量组成和比例差异较大, 其中紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭和假色槭(A. pseudo-sieboldianum)的幼苗、种子在整个样地内都有分布, 春榆(Ulmus japonica)和怀槐(Maackia amurensis)幼苗的空间分布与种子和大树不一致, 糠椴(T. mandshurica)和山丁子(Malus baccata)等的幼苗、种子和大树的个体数相对都较少, 且它们的分布是一致的。
张健, 李步杭, 白雪娇, 原作强, 王绪高, 叶吉, 郝占庆 (2009) 长白山阔叶红松林乔木树种幼苗组成及其年际动态. 生物多样性, 17, 385-396. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09102.
Jian Zhang, Buhang Li, Xuejiao Bai, Zuoqiang Yuan, Xugao Wang, Ji Ye, Zhanqing Hao (2009) Composition and interannual dynamics of tree seedlings in broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest in Changbai Mountain. Biodiversity Science, 17, 385-396. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09102.
图1 长白山阔叶红松林25 ha样地内设置的600个5 m×5 m的幼苗样方(○)和150个种子收集器(●)分布图
Fig. 1 The location of 600 seedling quadrats (5 m×5 m) (○) and 150 seed traps (●) in a 25 ha broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest plot in the Changbai Mountain
物种名 Species | 科 Family | 幼苗个体数 No. of seedlings in 600 quadrats | 出现的样方数 No. of quadrats presented | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | |||
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica | 木犀科 Oleaceae | 4,442 | 1,434 | 1,854 | 3,040 | 470 | 344 | 402 | 342 | |
紫椴 Tilia amurensis | 椴树科 Tiliaceae | 4,258 | 614* | 3,931 | 420 | 481 | 203* | 469 | 112 | |
色木槭 Acer mono | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 1,443 | 1,266 | 1,323 | 1,070 | 394 | 357 | 375 | 336 | |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 松科 Pinaceae | 641 | 283 | 521 | 42 | 218 | 100 | 189 | 20 | |
假色槭 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 466 | 334 | 390 | 314 | 200 | 154 | 178 | 145 | |
春榆 Ulmus japonica | 榆科 Ulmaceae | 149 | 132 | 134 | 97 | 98 | 87 | 91 | 70 | |
怀槐 Maackia amurensis | 豆科 Leguminosae | 118 | 98 | 105 | 69 | 77 | 66 | 71 | 50 | |
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 107 | 86 | 92 | 86 | 61 | 48 | 53 | 51 | |
山丁子 Malus baccata | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 88 | 86 | 81 | 65 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 50 | |
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica | 壳斗科 Fagaceae | 70 | 61 | 62 | 30 | 53 | 46 | 48 | 24 | |
稠李 Prunus padus | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 49 | 49 | 45 | 38 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | |
糠椴 Tilia mandshurica | 椴树科 Tiliaceae | 31 | 31 | 26 | 20 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata | 榆科 Ulmaceae | 27 | 23 | 26 | 22 | 21 | 18 | 21 | 17 | |
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 19 | 18 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 10 | |
山杨 Populus davidiana | 杨柳科 Salicaceae | 16 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |
拧筋槭 Acer triflorum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | |
毛山楂 Crataegus maximouwiczii | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
山梨 Pyrus ussuriensis | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |
乌苏里鼠李 Rhamnus ussuriensis | 鼠李科 Rhamnaceae | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
茶条槭 Acer ginnala | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
山樱 Cerasus maximowiczii | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
总计 Total | 11,959 | 4,565 | 8,648 | 5,357 |
表1 乔木幼苗的树种组成、数量特征及各树种出现的样方数
Table 1 Species composition, numeric characteristics, and the number of quadrats presented of tree seedlings
物种名 Species | 科 Family | 幼苗个体数 No. of seedlings in 600 quadrats | 出现的样方数 No. of quadrats presented | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | |||
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica | 木犀科 Oleaceae | 4,442 | 1,434 | 1,854 | 3,040 | 470 | 344 | 402 | 342 | |
紫椴 Tilia amurensis | 椴树科 Tiliaceae | 4,258 | 614* | 3,931 | 420 | 481 | 203* | 469 | 112 | |
色木槭 Acer mono | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 1,443 | 1,266 | 1,323 | 1,070 | 394 | 357 | 375 | 336 | |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 松科 Pinaceae | 641 | 283 | 521 | 42 | 218 | 100 | 189 | 20 | |
假色槭 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 466 | 334 | 390 | 314 | 200 | 154 | 178 | 145 | |
春榆 Ulmus japonica | 榆科 Ulmaceae | 149 | 132 | 134 | 97 | 98 | 87 | 91 | 70 | |
怀槐 Maackia amurensis | 豆科 Leguminosae | 118 | 98 | 105 | 69 | 77 | 66 | 71 | 50 | |
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 107 | 86 | 92 | 86 | 61 | 48 | 53 | 51 | |
山丁子 Malus baccata | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 88 | 86 | 81 | 65 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 50 | |
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica | 壳斗科 Fagaceae | 70 | 61 | 62 | 30 | 53 | 46 | 48 | 24 | |
稠李 Prunus padus | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 49 | 49 | 45 | 38 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 17 | |
糠椴 Tilia mandshurica | 椴树科 Tiliaceae | 31 | 31 | 26 | 20 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata | 榆科 Ulmaceae | 27 | 23 | 26 | 22 | 21 | 18 | 21 | 17 | |
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 19 | 18 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 10 | |
山杨 Populus davidiana | 杨柳科 Salicaceae | 16 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |
拧筋槭 Acer triflorum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | |
毛山楂 Crataegus maximouwiczii | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
山梨 Pyrus ussuriensis | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |
乌苏里鼠李 Rhamnus ussuriensis | 鼠李科 Rhamnaceae | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
茶条槭 Acer ginnala | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
山樱 Cerasus maximowiczii | 蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
总计 Total | 11,959 | 4,565 | 8,648 | 5,357 |
物种名 Species | 新增幼苗数量 No. of recruitment | 新增幼苗出现的样方数 No. of quadrats presented | 幼苗死亡数量 No. of mortality | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2006-2007 | 2007-2008 | |||
紫椴 Tilia amurensis | 4,187 | 542* | 3,333 | 312 | 477 | 184* | 446 | 79 | \ | 3,756 | ||
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica | 4,086 | 1,095 | 646 | 2,345 | 448 | 308 | 244 | 227 | 243 | 1,145 | ||
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 629 | 271 | 356 | 2 | 212 | 92 | 146 | 2 | 118 | 473 | ||
色木槭 Acer mono | 479 | 304 | 131 | 44 | 238 | 177 | 91 | 28 | 76 | 282 | ||
假色槭 A. pseudo-sieboldianum | 296 | 163 | 75 | 58 | 142 | 90 | 55 | 37 | 18 | 131 | ||
怀槐 Maackia amurensis | 50 | 30 | 18 | 2 | 38 | 26 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 37 | ||
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica | 39 | 30 | 8 | 1 | 32 | 25 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 33 | ||
春榆 Ulmus japonica | 36 | 23 | 12 | 1 | 28 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 14 | 34 | ||
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum | 31 | 10 | 7 | 14 | 22 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 1 | 17 | ||
山丁子 Malus baccata | 15 | 14 | 1 | - | 10 | 9 | 1 | - | 7 | 16 | ||
山杨 Populus davidiana | 12 | 12 | - | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | 9 | 3 | ||
糠椴 Tilia mandshurica | 6 | 6 | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | 5 | 6 | ||
裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 3 | ||
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 | ||
拧筋槭 A. triflorum | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | ||
山樱 Cerasus maximowiczii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | ||
毛山楂 Crataegus maximouwiczii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||
稠李 Prunus padus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 7 | ||
山梨 Pyrus ussuriensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | ||
乌苏里鼠李 Rhamnus ussuriensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||
总计 Total | 9,875 | 2,504 | 4,591 | 2,780 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 515 | 5,948 |
表2 新增和死亡幼苗的树种组成、数量特征及不同树种新增幼苗出现的样方数
Table 2 Species composition, numeric characteristics, and the number of quadrats presented of tree seedlings on recruitment and mortality
物种名 Species | 新增幼苗数量 No. of recruitment | 新增幼苗出现的样方数 No. of quadrats presented | 幼苗死亡数量 No. of mortality | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2006-2008 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2006-2007 | 2007-2008 | |||
紫椴 Tilia amurensis | 4,187 | 542* | 3,333 | 312 | 477 | 184* | 446 | 79 | \ | 3,756 | ||
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica | 4,086 | 1,095 | 646 | 2,345 | 448 | 308 | 244 | 227 | 243 | 1,145 | ||
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 629 | 271 | 356 | 2 | 212 | 92 | 146 | 2 | 118 | 473 | ||
色木槭 Acer mono | 479 | 304 | 131 | 44 | 238 | 177 | 91 | 28 | 76 | 282 | ||
假色槭 A. pseudo-sieboldianum | 296 | 163 | 75 | 58 | 142 | 90 | 55 | 37 | 18 | 131 | ||
怀槐 Maackia amurensis | 50 | 30 | 18 | 2 | 38 | 26 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 37 | ||
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica | 39 | 30 | 8 | 1 | 32 | 25 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 33 | ||
春榆 Ulmus japonica | 36 | 23 | 12 | 1 | 28 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 14 | 34 | ||
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum | 31 | 10 | 7 | 14 | 22 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 1 | 17 | ||
山丁子 Malus baccata | 15 | 14 | 1 | - | 10 | 9 | 1 | - | 7 | 16 | ||
山杨 Populus davidiana | 12 | 12 | - | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | 9 | 3 | ||
糠椴 Tilia mandshurica | 6 | 6 | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | 5 | 6 | ||
裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 3 | ||
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 | ||
拧筋槭 A. triflorum | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | ||
山樱 Cerasus maximowiczii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | ||
毛山楂 Crataegus maximouwiczii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||
稠李 Prunus padus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 7 | ||
山梨 Pyrus ussuriensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | ||
乌苏里鼠李 Rhamnus ussuriensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||
总计 Total | 9,875 | 2,504 | 4,591 | 2,780 | \ | \ | \ | \ | 515 | 5,948 |
物种名 Species | 个体数 (Individuals/ha) | ||
---|---|---|---|
幼苗 Seedlings | 种子 Seeds | 大树 Trees | |
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica | 2961.33 | 664400 | 27.24 |
紫椴 Tilia amurensis | 2838.67 | 1083800 | 117.08 |
色木槭 Acer mono | 962.00 | 49066.67 | 264.36 |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 427.33 | 2866.67 | 98.72 |
假色槭 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum | 310.67 | 61533.33 | 239.36 |
春榆 Ulmus japonica | 99.33 | 84933.33 | 44.36 |
怀槐 Maackia amurensis | 78.67 | 533.33 | 30.12 |
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum | 71.33 | 466.67 | 33.84 |
山丁子 Malus baccata | 58.67 | 200 | 4.24 |
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica | 46.67 | 600 | 37.04 |
稠李 Prunus padus | 32.67 | - | 20.60 |
糠椴 Tilia mandshurica | 20.67 | 5666.67 | 16.40 |
裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata | 18.00 | - | 7.68 |
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum | 12.67 | 1266.67 | 10.04 |
山杨 Populus davidiana | 10.67 | - | 1.08 |
拧筋槭 Acer triflorum | 7.33 | 1600 | 11.04 |
毛山楂 Crataegus maximouwiczii | 6.00 | - | 4.84 |
山梨 Pyrus ussuriensis | 4.67 | - | 2.96 |
乌苏里鼠李 Rhamnus ussuriensis | 4.00 | - | 4.72 |
茶条槭 Acer ginnala | 0.67 | - | 4.32 |
山樱 Cerasus maximowiczii | 0.67 | - | 0.72 |
表3 样地内乔木树种幼苗、种子和大树的数量组成
Table 3 Number of seedlings, seeds, and trees
物种名 Species | 个体数 (Individuals/ha) | ||
---|---|---|---|
幼苗 Seedlings | 种子 Seeds | 大树 Trees | |
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica | 2961.33 | 664400 | 27.24 |
紫椴 Tilia amurensis | 2838.67 | 1083800 | 117.08 |
色木槭 Acer mono | 962.00 | 49066.67 | 264.36 |
红松 Pinus koraiensis | 427.33 | 2866.67 | 98.72 |
假色槭 Acer pseudo-sieboldianum | 310.67 | 61533.33 | 239.36 |
春榆 Ulmus japonica | 99.33 | 84933.33 | 44.36 |
怀槐 Maackia amurensis | 78.67 | 533.33 | 30.12 |
青楷槭 Acer tegmentosum | 71.33 | 466.67 | 33.84 |
山丁子 Malus baccata | 58.67 | 200 | 4.24 |
蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica | 46.67 | 600 | 37.04 |
稠李 Prunus padus | 32.67 | - | 20.60 |
糠椴 Tilia mandshurica | 20.67 | 5666.67 | 16.40 |
裂叶榆 Ulmus laciniata | 18.00 | - | 7.68 |
白牛槭 Acer mandshuricum | 12.67 | 1266.67 | 10.04 |
山杨 Populus davidiana | 10.67 | - | 1.08 |
拧筋槭 Acer triflorum | 7.33 | 1600 | 11.04 |
毛山楂 Crataegus maximouwiczii | 6.00 | - | 4.84 |
山梨 Pyrus ussuriensis | 4.67 | - | 2.96 |
乌苏里鼠李 Rhamnus ussuriensis | 4.00 | - | 4.72 |
茶条槭 Acer ginnala | 0.67 | - | 4.32 |
山樱 Cerasus maximowiczii | 0.67 | - | 0.72 |
图4 长白山阔叶红松林25 ha (500 m×500 m) 样地内10个主要树种种子、幼苗和大树的空间分布
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of seeds, seedlings, and trees of 10 main tree species in the 25 ha (500 m×500 m) broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest plot in Changbai Mountain
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