生物多样性 ›› 2008, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (1): 68-74. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07089
收稿日期:
2007-03-20
接受日期:
2007-09-05
出版日期:
2008-01-27
发布日期:
2008-01-27
通讯作者:
吕一河
作者简介:
*E-mail:lyh@rcees.ac.cn基金资助:
Received:
2007-03-20
Accepted:
2007-09-05
Online:
2008-01-27
Published:
2008-01-27
Contact:
Yihe Lü
摘要:
旅游活动是提高自然保护区社区居民收入、缓解保护区与社区矛盾、促进生物多样性保护的重要途径之一。为评价旅游活动对自然保护区社区经济提升的现实效果, 以卧龙自然保护区为案例, 采用问卷调查的方法, 通过分析保护区内旅游从业人员的经济收入、就业机会以及收入分配等, 从一定程度上揭示旅游活动对该保护区社区居民的直接经济影响。结果表明, 生态旅游可以给保护区的部分居民带来一定的经济收入, 但这部分收入总量较低; 保护区内的居民多从事一些较简单的旅游相关活动, 对技能要求较高的活动则大多由来自保护区外的人员从事; 旅游活动带来的经济收入不论是在当地相关从业人员之间还是在当地人与来自保护区外的人员之间的分配都表现出了一定的不公平性, 居住位置、启动资金和技术技能是造成这种不公平现象的主要原因。依据以上调查及分析结果, 论文提出了开发旅游项目、建立培训机制、设立专项基金以及逐步移民等相应对策。
刘洋, 吕一河 (2008) 旅游活动对卧龙自然保护区社区居民的经济影响. 生物多样性, 16, 68-74. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07089.
Yang Liu, Yihe Lü (2008) The economic impact of tourism on local residents in Wolong Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 16, 68-74. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07089.
特征 Characteristics | 分组 Categories | 相关从业者人数 Local participants (%) | 餐饮旅店业业主人数 Hotel-owners (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
民族 Ethnic group | 藏 Tibetan | 36 (76.6) | 10 (37) | ||||
汉 Han | 9 (19.1) | 17 (63) | |||||
羌 Qiang | 2 (4.2) | 0 | |||||
性别 Gender | 男 Male | 16 (34) | 14 (51.9) | ||||
女 Female | 31 (66) | 13 (48.1) | |||||
年龄 Age | 15-30 | 12 (25.5) | 10 (37) | ||||
30-50 | 25 (53.2) | 16 (59.3) | |||||
50-80 | 10 (21.3) | 1 (3.7) | |||||
文化程度 Educational level | 文盲 Illiteracy | 19 (40.4) | 0 | ||||
小学 Elementary school | 12 (25.5) | 6 (22.2) | |||||
初中 Junior high school | 10 (21.3) | 13 (48.1) | |||||
高中 Senior high school | 6 (12.8) | 7 (25.9) | |||||
大学 College | 0 | 1 (3.7) |
表1 调查对象的社会经济特征
Table 1 Socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents in Wolong Nature Reserve
特征 Characteristics | 分组 Categories | 相关从业者人数 Local participants (%) | 餐饮旅店业业主人数 Hotel-owners (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
民族 Ethnic group | 藏 Tibetan | 36 (76.6) | 10 (37) | ||||
汉 Han | 9 (19.1) | 17 (63) | |||||
羌 Qiang | 2 (4.2) | 0 | |||||
性别 Gender | 男 Male | 16 (34) | 14 (51.9) | ||||
女 Female | 31 (66) | 13 (48.1) | |||||
年龄 Age | 15-30 | 12 (25.5) | 10 (37) | ||||
30-50 | 25 (53.2) | 16 (59.3) | |||||
50-80 | 10 (21.3) | 1 (3.7) | |||||
文化程度 Educational level | 文盲 Illiteracy | 19 (40.4) | 0 | ||||
小学 Elementary school | 12 (25.5) | 6 (22.2) | |||||
初中 Junior high school | 10 (21.3) | 13 (48.1) | |||||
高中 Senior high school | 6 (12.8) | 7 (25.9) | |||||
大学 College | 0 | 1 (3.7) |
活动类型 Types of activities | 人数 Respondents (%) |
---|---|
目前所从事的活动 Present activities | |
出售农产品或旅游纪念品 Products sale | 35 (74.5) |
个体客运出租 Passenger transport | 4 (8.5) |
餐饮旅店服务 Restaurant services | 3 (6.4) |
烧烤 Barbecue | 5 (10.6) |
潜在旅游相关活动 Potential activities | |
导游 Cicerone | 7 (17.5) |
清洁工 Cleaner | 10 (25) |
经营商店 Shop keeper | 10 (25) |
厨师 Cook | 3 (7.5) |
工匠 Workman | 2 (5) |
出租房屋 House lender | 2 (5) |
经营家庭旅馆 Hotel keeper | 3 (7.5) |
出租车服务 Taxi driver | 3 (7.5) |
表2 生态旅游为相关从业者提供的就业机会
Table 2 The employment opportunities that ecotourism created for participants
活动类型 Types of activities | 人数 Respondents (%) |
---|---|
目前所从事的活动 Present activities | |
出售农产品或旅游纪念品 Products sale | 35 (74.5) |
个体客运出租 Passenger transport | 4 (8.5) |
餐饮旅店服务 Restaurant services | 3 (6.4) |
烧烤 Barbecue | 5 (10.6) |
潜在旅游相关活动 Potential activities | |
导游 Cicerone | 7 (17.5) |
清洁工 Cleaner | 10 (25) |
经营商店 Shop keeper | 10 (25) |
厨师 Cook | 3 (7.5) |
工匠 Workman | 2 (5) |
出租房屋 House lender | 2 (5) |
经营家庭旅馆 Hotel keeper | 3 (7.5) |
出租车服务 Taxi driver | 3 (7.5) |
收入分配群体 Stakeholder groups | 原因 Reasons | 百分比 Percentage |
---|---|---|
各农户之间 Farmers | 启动资金 Capital | 28.3 |
住址位置 Location | 45 | |
技术技能 Skill | 20 | |
年龄及性别 Age and gender | 5 | |
就业机会 Employment opportunities | 1.7 | |
本地居民与外来人员之间 Local residents and the immigrants in Wolong Nature Reserve | 启动资金 Capital | 41.8 |
技术及管理经验 Skill and management experiences | 30.9 | |
年龄及性别 Age and gender | 3.6 | |
管理部门 Administration | 9.2 | |
就业机会 Employment opportunities | 10.9 | |
语言 Language | 1.8 | |
位置 Location | 1.8 |
表3 生态旅游相关收入分配不公的原因
Table 3 Reasons for the uneven distribution of tourism-related income
收入分配群体 Stakeholder groups | 原因 Reasons | 百分比 Percentage |
---|---|---|
各农户之间 Farmers | 启动资金 Capital | 28.3 |
住址位置 Location | 45 | |
技术技能 Skill | 20 | |
年龄及性别 Age and gender | 5 | |
就业机会 Employment opportunities | 1.7 | |
本地居民与外来人员之间 Local residents and the immigrants in Wolong Nature Reserve | 启动资金 Capital | 41.8 |
技术及管理经验 Skill and management experiences | 30.9 | |
年龄及性别 Age and gender | 3.6 | |
管理部门 Administration | 9.2 | |
就业机会 Employment opportunities | 10.9 | |
语言 Language | 1.8 | |
位置 Location | 1.8 |
[1] | Bookbingder MP, Dinerstein E, Rijal A, Cauley H, Rajouria A (1998) Ecotourism’s support of biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, 12,1399-1404. |
[2] | Campbell LM (1999) Ecotourism in rural developing communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 26,534-553. |
[3] | Chinese National Commission of Man and the Biosphere Program (中国人与生物圈国家委员会) (2001) Policy Research of Sustainable Management of Nature Reserves in China (中国自然保护区可持续管理政策研究). Scientific and Technical Documents Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
[4] | Dyer P, Aberdeen L, Schuler S (2003) Tourism impacts on an Australian indigenous community: a Djabugay case study. Tourism Management, 24,83-95. |
[5] | Foucat VSA (2002) Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability, in Ventanilla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ocean & Coastal Management, 45,511-529. |
[6] | Fu BJ, Wang KL, Lu YH, Liu SL, Ma KM, Chen LD, Liu GH (2004) Entangling the complexity of protected area management: the case of Wolong Biosphere Reserve, Southwestern China. Environmental Management, 33,788-798. |
[7] | Gossling S (1999) Ecotourism: a means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions? Ecological Economics, 29,303-320. |
[8] | Huang JY (黄金燕), Guo Q (郭勤) (2005) Discussion on the sustainable development strategy of the ecotourism in Wolong National Nature Reserve. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology (四川林业科技), 26(3),56-59. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[9] | Jiang LJ (姜立军), Miao H (苗鸿), Zhang J (张菊), Ouyang ZY (欧阳志云), Wang XK (王效科), Wei YC (魏彦昌) (2005) Indexes for evaluation of nature reserve management effectiveness. Rural Eco-Environment (农村生态环境), 21 (1),72-74. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[10] | Kiss A (2004) Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19,232-237. |
[11] | Liu Y (刘洋), Lu YH (吕一河), Chen LD (陈利顶), Chen FX (陈飞星) (2005) The impact assessment of ecotourism in nature reserves: progress and implications. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 20,771-779. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[12] | Ma KM (马克明), Bai X (白雪) (2006) Economics in biological conservation. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 14,265-273. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[13] | Ma KP (马克平) (1993) On the concept of biodiversity. Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 1,20-22. (in Chinese) |
[14] | McNeely JA, Miller KR, Reid WV, Mittermeier RA, Werner TB (1990) Conserving the World’s Biological Diversity. WWF-US, World Bank, WRI, IUCN, WWF, Washington, DC. |
[15] | Ross S, Wall G (1999) Evaluating ecotourism: the case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tourism Management, 20,673-682. |
[16] | Shyamsundar P, Kramer R (1997) Biodiversity conservation — at what cost? a study of households in the vicinity of Madagascar’s Mantadia National Park . Ambio, 26,180-184. |
[17] | Silori CS (2004) Socio-economic and ecological consequences of the ban on adventure tourism in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, western Himalaya. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13,2237-2252. |
[18] | Solbrig OT (1991) From Genes to Ecosystems: A Research Agenda for Biodiversity. IUBS, Paris. |
[19] | State Environmental Protection Administration of China (国家环保总局) (2005) Statistics of Nature Reserves in China (up to the end of the year 2004) (全国自然保护区统计表(截止2004年底))(2005-11-30) http://www.sepa.gov.cn/ natu/zyb/zrbhq/200511/t20051130_72109.htm. (in Chinese) |
[20] | Stronza AL (2000) Because It Is Ours: Community-based Ecotourism in the Peruvian Amazon. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL. |
[21] | Wall G (1997) Is ecotourism sustainable? Environmental Management, 21,483-491. |
[22] | Walpole MJ, Goodwin HJ (2000) Local economic impacts of dragon tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 27,559-576. |
[23] | Wells MP (1993) Neglect of biological riches: the economics of nature tourism in Nepal. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2,445-464. |
[24] | Wunder S (2000) Ecotourism and economic incentives: an empirical approach. Ecological Economics, 32,465-479. |
[25] | Xu HG (徐海根), Zhu GQ (朱广庆) (2001) Present status of nature reserves investment abroad. China Population,Resources and Environment, (中国人口·资源与环境), 11(3),123. (in Chinese) |
[26] | Xu JY (徐建英), Chen LD (陈利顶), Lu YH (吕一河), Fu BJ (傅伯杰), Yang S (杨爽) (2004) Local people’s responses to policies in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 12,639-645. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[27] | Xu ZH (许智宏) (2003) Increase of investing in nature reserve. In:Science Development Report (Chinese Academy of Sciences) (科学发展报告(中国科学院)). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
[28] | Yin HW (尹鸿伟) (2005) Report on survival of the giant panda in Wolong Nature Reserve. New West (新西部), (6),37-39. (in Chinese) |
[29] | Zhang HP (张海鹏), Jiang ZD (姜志德) (2004) Analysis to Ec-ecological contradiction of nature reserves. Problems of Forestry Economics (林业经济问题), 24,306-308. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[30] | Zhang J (张杰), Xu B (徐波), Huang MZ (黄茂祝) (2005) The problems and measures of ecotourism in nature reserves in China. China Forestry Business (中国林业企业), (1),19-22. (in Chinese) |
[31] | Zhang Z (张志), Kang XG (亢新刚), Hua CL (华朝朗), Yu CY (余昌元), Deng XQ (邓喜庆), Bi YL (毕艳玲) (2004) Preliminary study on sustainable development of the nature reserves and there neighboring communities. Forest Resources Management (林业资源管理), (2),33-36, 46. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[1] | 所翟, 俞渃茜, 李媛辉, 徐基良. 基于实证分析的中国自然保护区地方立法问题检视和优化路径[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(2): 23287-. |
[2] | 崔国发. 关于自然保护地整合优化工作中几个关键问题的讨论与建议[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(9): 22447-. |
[3] | 邢超, 林依, 周智强, 赵联军, 蒋仕伟, 林蓁蓁, 徐基良, 詹祥江. 基于DNA条形码技术构建王朗国家级自然保护区陆生脊椎动物遗传资源数据库及物种鉴定[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(7): 22661-. |
[4] | 陈本平, 陈建武, 凌征文, 杨旭, 陈鑫, 李生强, 杨彪. 四川老君山国家级自然保护区林下鸟兽多样性及动态变化数据集[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(5): 22566-. |
[5] | 姚雪, 陈星, 戴尊, 宋坤, 邢诗晨, 曹宏彧, 邹璐, 王健. 采集策略对叶附生苔类植物发现概率及物种多样性的重要性[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(4): 22685-. |
[6] | 赵梦乔, 陈友, 徐正会, 王戌勃, 赵忠良, 徐文川, 何宗辉, 王文华. 云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带蚂蚁物种多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(11): 23168-. |
[7] | 胡远芳, 李斌强, 梁丹, 李兴权, 刘兰香, 杨家伟, 罗旭. 人为干扰对白腹锦鸡活动节律的影响[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(8): 21484-. |
[8] | 李海萍, 徐竹青, 龙志航. 大兴安岭地区重点保护和珍稀动物保护空缺分析[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(2): 21294-. |
[9] | 秦乐, 朱彦鹏, 任月恒, 李博炎, 付梦娣, 李俊生. 青藏高原国家级自然保护区管理能力差异及其对保护成效的影响[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(11): 22419-. |
[10] | 王伟, 周越, 田瑜, 李俊生. 自然保护地生物多样性保护研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(10): 22459-. |
[11] | 邢诗晨, 唐录艳, 戴尊, 涂淑雯, 陈星, 张建行, 李宏庆, 彭涛, 王健. 安徽石台县与青阳县苔藓植物多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(1): 21186-. |
[12] | 梁聪, 刘衎, 王小东, 黎树, 吴波, 向朋, 宋昭彬. 四川诺水河珍稀水生动物国家级自然保护区鱼类资源现状[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(7): 938-949. |
[13] | 姬云瑞, 陶义, 李昌林, 李迪强, 赵定, 刘芳. 利用红外相机调查四川雪宝顶国家级自然保护区鸟类和兽类多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(6): 805-810. |
[14] | 郭朝丹, 朱金方, 柳晓燕, 赵彩云, 李俊生. 贵州典型自然保护区内外外来入侵草本植物的比较[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(5): 596-604. |
[15] | 易祖盛, 黄元骏, 易晖, 张新旺, 李文俊. 广东车八岭国家级自然保护区大型底栖动物多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(5): 680-687. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||
备案号:京ICP备16067583号-7
Copyright © 2022 版权所有 《生物多样性》编辑部
地址: 北京香山南辛村20号, 邮编:100093
电话: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn