西南山地阔叶混交林群落空间结构的多尺度特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08148

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解植物群落在多尺度下的空间变异规律及其对空间尺度的依赖, 以川西南山地阔叶混交林为对象, 在有代表性的地段设立100 m×100 m样地, 采用传统的罗盘仪对树体的相对空间位置进行定位, 运用主轴邻距法(principal coordinates of neighbor matrices, PCNM)对群落空间结构的多尺度(100 m内)特征进行了研究。结果表明,群落均匀度指数、空隙度和开度、林分胸高断面积和林分密度在大尺度上表现出显著的空间结构。在不同的尺度下, 林分密度、叶面积指数和林下地表直接辐射都对均匀度指数有影响, 林分密度、林下地表直接辐射、生物量和空隙度都对土壤有机质含量有显著影响, 群落结构与环境因子都表现出明显的空间结构。PCNM分析可获取样本间空间关系在不同尺度上的分解向量, 与群落结构显著相关的PCNM因子即是群落或生境在该尺度上所表现出的显著的空间结构。典型相关分析结果表明群落结构因子和光因子相关性显著, 两者都与PCNM变量极显著相关且相互影响,表明群落结构和光因子都表现出显著的空间结构。因此, 利用PCNM对群落结构进行空间分析有助于理解群落空间异质性对尺度的依赖。

关键词: 生态群落, 空间格局, 主轴邻距法, 尺度, 空间模型

Abstract

To investigate the spatial-dependence of heterogeneity at multiple scales for a community, we selected a representative plot of 100 m × 100 m in the mountainous evergreen and deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest in Sichuan, southwest China (102°50´E, 30°02´N). The location of every tree was mapped by compass, and all-scale analysis of spatial structure of forest community was conducted by the method of PCNM (principal coordinates of neighbor matrices). The results showed that Pielou evenness index, gap-fraction, openness, stand basal area, and stand density were influenced by spatial structure of the community at a broad scale. At the same time Pielou evenness index was impacted significantly by stand density, direct radiation, and leaf area index at all scales, while soil organic matter contents were markedly influenced by stand density, biomass, direct radiation, and gap-fraction at each scale. It could be concluded that community structure and environmental factors are markedly influenced by spatial sampling procedures. Our results highlighted that PCNM analysis could achieve a spectral decomposition vector of the spatial relationships among sampling sites, and that the significant PCNM variables could be directly interpreted in terms of spatial scales, or including variation decomposition with respect to spatial and environmental components. Canonical correlation analysis also indicated that forest community structure variables were correlated significantly with light factors, and both were interacted with each other and correlated well with PCNM variables. Therefore, the method of PCNM could help to understand the scale-dependence of heterogeneity at the community level.

Key words: ecological community, spatial patterns, principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM), scale, spatial model

赵安玖, 胡庭兴, 陈小红 (2009) 西南山地阔叶混交林群落空间结构的多尺度特征. 生物多样性, 17, 43-50. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08148.

Anjiu Zhao, Tingxing Hu, Xiaohong Chen (2009) Multiple-scale spatial analysis of community structure in a mountainous mixed evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest, southwest China. Biodiversity Science, 17, 43-50. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08148.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I1/43

图/表 5

参考文献 38

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	均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	大尺度 Broad scale	中尺度Medium scale	小尺度 Fine scale
R² of environments	0.674	0.964	0.575	0.757
胸径 Diameter at breast height	0.018	0.023		0.017
树高 Height		0.038		0.042
冠层高 Canopy height	0.021	0.007		0.070
林分密度 Stand density	0.011	0.010	0.0001	0.012
空隙度 GapFraction	0.075			0.077
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	0.066	0.098	0.001
聚集指数 Index of clumping leaves	0.036	0.100		0.031
林下地表直接辐射 Direct radiation		0.032	0.012	0.033
有机质 Organic matters contents	0.045	0.041		0.052
开度 Openness		0.039
冠层下散射的光通量密度 Diffuse photosynthetic photon flux density under canopy	0.086

	均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	大尺度 Broad scale	中尺度Medium scale	小尺度 Fine scale
R² of environments	0.674	0.964	0.575	0.757
胸径 Diameter at breast height	0.018	0.023		0.017
树高 Height		0.038		0.042
冠层高 Canopy height	0.021	0.007		0.070
林分密度 Stand density	0.011	0.010	0.0001	0.012
空隙度 GapFraction	0.075			0.077
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	0.066	0.098	0.001
聚集指数 Index of clumping leaves	0.036	0.100		0.031
林下地表直接辐射 Direct radiation		0.032	0.012	0.033
有机质 Organic matters contents	0.045	0.041		0.052
开度 Openness		0.039
冠层下散射的光通量密度 Diffuse photosynthetic photon flux density under canopy	0.086

	有机质 Organic matter content	大尺度 Broad scale	中尺度Medium scale	小尺度 Fine scale
R² of environment	0.701	0.967	0.856	0.944
胸径 Diameter at breast height	0.002	0.015	0.004	0.008
冠层高 Canopy height	0.033	0.005	0.001	0.091
林分密度 Stand density	0.003	0.008
生长速率 Growth ratio of BA	0.005	0.017	0.002
生物量 Biomass	0.0001	0.055	0.006	0.068
空隙度 GapFraction	0.010	0.002	0.018	0.071
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	0.042	0.029		0.040
聚集指数 Index of clumping leaves	0.007		0.008	0.033
林下地表直接辐射 Direct radiation	0.001	0.030	0.004	0.085
林下地表散射 Diffuse radiation	0.015	0.012	0.003
冠层下散射的光通量密度 Diffuse photosynthetic photon flux density under canopy	0.022			0.043
开度 Openness	0.011

	有机质 Organic matter content	大尺度 Broad scale	中尺度Medium scale	小尺度 Fine scale
R² of environment	0.701	0.967	0.856	0.944
胸径 Diameter at breast height	0.002	0.015	0.004	0.008
冠层高 Canopy height	0.033	0.005	0.001	0.091
林分密度 Stand density	0.003	0.008
生长速率 Growth ratio of BA	0.005	0.017	0.002
生物量 Biomass	0.0001	0.055	0.006	0.068
空隙度 GapFraction	0.010	0.002	0.018	0.071
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	0.042	0.029		0.040
聚集指数 Index of clumping leaves	0.007		0.008	0.033
林下地表直接辐射 Direct radiation	0.001	0.030	0.004	0.085
林下地表散射 Diffuse radiation	0.015	0.012	0.003
冠层下散射的光通量密度 Diffuse photosynthetic photon flux density under canopy	0.022			0.043
开度 Openness	0.011

第一组变量 First group variables	第二组变量 Second group variables	典型相关系数 Canonical correlation coefficients	典型变量 Canonical variables
结构因子 Structure variables	光因子 Light variables	λ₁ = 0.940634	V₁= -2.8062DBH+1.1367Height+0.5801BRHH+2.7372BA-2.3781DEN -0.1896GRBA+0.179biomass-1.6385 volume W₁ = -21.68 GF+22.62Openness-0.47LAI-0.81 ClumpFact-798.89DSF-48.90ISF+ 826.07TSF-218.08PPFDDirU+19.22PPFDDifU+201.94 PPFDTU
		λ₂ = 0.64406
		λ₃ = 0.493505
		λ₄= 0.432535
结构因子 Structure variables	空间因子(PCNM)	λ₁ = 0.9998	V₁= 2.1582 DBH+0.5098 Height-1.4834 BRHH-0.2816 BA+1.585 DEN+0.0917 biomass+0.1322 volume W₁ = 0.449 PCNM1+1.525 PCNM3 +0.627 PCNM4+2.632 PCNM5-1.531 PCNM7+0.093 PCNM8+1.344 PCNM9+1.497 PCNM10+0.152 PCNM11 +0.345 PCNM12-0.121 PCNM13-1.254 PCNM14+0.988 PCNM15-1.764 PCNM18+2.150 PCNM19+0.318 PCNM21-0.253 PCNM22 +1.199 PCNM24+3.262 PCNM25
		λ₂= 0.992
		λ₃ = 0.954633
		λ₄ = 0.940490
光因子 Light variables	空间因子(PCNM)	λ₁ = 0.999	V₁ = 25.551GF-27.189Openness-0.591LAI-0.222ClumpFac+1213.001DSF+34.911ISF -698.782TSF-756.670PPFDDirU-19.734 PPFDDifU+238.120 PPFDTU W₁ = 0.1105 PCNM2+0.1245 PCNM3+0.3092 PCNM5+0.3640 PCNM6+0.2677 PCNM7+0.2772 PCNM8+0.2036 PCNM9+0.3604 PCNM10+0.2052 PCNM13-0.0062 PCNM14+0.0635 PCNM17+0.2569 PCNM19+0.1649 PCNM21+0.6269 PCNM23+0.1094 PCNM25
		λ₂ = 0.998333
		λ₃ = 0.968076
		λ₄ = 0.897069