自然保护区减缓和适应气候变化的管理有效性评估: 以广西12个典型自然保护区为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2019352

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建立自然保护区是生物多样性保护的根本措施, 而且自然保护区对减缓和适应气候变化具有重要的作用。生物多样性保护的压力在气候变化的胁迫下不断加剧, 因此, 有效的自然保护区管理必须考虑气候变化的影响。发展应对气候变化威胁的适应性管理技术以提高自然保护区管理有效性是自然保护区管理的迫切需求。但目前全球范围内还没有针对减缓和适应气候变化的自然保护区管理有效性评估工具。近半个世纪来广西气温持续升高且极端气候事件频次增加, 对广西各类生物生境产生了重要的影响。本文基于世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)的自然保护区减缓和适应气候变化管理框架和管理有效性评估框架, 在管理有效性跟踪工具(mangement effectiveness tracking tool, METT)基础上提出了自然保护区减缓和适应气候变化管理有效性评估工具(management effectiveness assessment tool of mitigation and adaptation on climate change, MEATMACC), 并使用该工具和METT对广西12个典型自然保护区进行了调查分析。结果表明: 国家级自然保护区的METT得分、MEATMACC得分分别比非国家级自然保护区高28.98%和43.91%; 国家级与非国家级自然保护区的METT得分无显著差异, 但MEATMACC得分差异极显著; 两个管理有效性评估工具得分率呈线性相关但差异不显著; 两个评估工具中背景、规划与影响3个要素得分率存在极显著差异。研究结果表明, 对于自然保护区减缓和适应气候变化的政策和技术支持仍需加强。

关键词: 自然保护区, 广西, 气候变化, 管理有效性评估

Abstract:

Nature reserve establishment is vital to biodiversity conservation and play a key role in mitigating and adapting to climate change. The pressure for increased biodiversity conservation is also increasing due to climate change, but effective management must consider climate change impacts when managing nature reserves. Nature reserves require adaptive management techniques to cope with climate change threats, but to date, there are no management evaluation tools for the mitigation and adaptation of climate change globally. In the past half century, Guangxi’s temperature has risen continuously and extreme weather events have increased in frequency, seriously impacting Guangxi biological habitats. This paper suggests the management effectiveness assessment tool of mitigation and adaptation on climate change (MEATMACC), based on the management effectiveness tracking tool (METT), to use as a management framework to mitigate and adapt to climate change in nature reserves. This paper also evaluated and analyzed 12 nature reserves in Guangxi by using both evaluation tools. National nature reserves scored 28.98% and 43.91% higher (METT and MEATMACC) than non-national nature reserves, respectively. MEATMACC scores were significantly different between national and non-national nature reserves but no significant differences in METT scores. Additionally, the scoring rate of METT and MEATMACC is linearly correlated without significant differences. There is highly significant difference in three elements’ scoring rate that context, planning and outcomes between METT and MEATMACC. The results show that policy and technical support for climate change mitigation and adaptation in nature reserve still needs to be strengthened.

Key words: nature reserve, Guangxi, climate change, management effectiveness evaluation

冯斌, 李迪强, 张于光, 薛亚东. 自然保护区减缓和适应气候变化的管理有效性评估: 以广西12个典型自然保护区为例[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(8): 1026-1035.

Bin Feng, Diqiang Li, Yuguang Zhang, Yadong Xue. Evaluation on nature reserve management effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation on climate change: A case study of 12 typical nature reserves in Guangxi[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(8): 1026-1035.

图/表 5

参考文献 29

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编号 No.	评价内容 Evaluation content	分数 Score
一	背景 Context	23
1	法律地位 Legal status	3
2	规章条例 Nature reserve regulations	3
附加项Additional point	自然保护区出台了极端气候事件的应急方案 Nature reserves developed emergency plans for extreme weather events	1
3	脆弱性 Vulnerability	3
附加项 Additional point	开展了脆弱性评估 A vulnerability assessment was carried out in the nature reserve	1
4	不利影响 Negative influence	3
5	管理执行 Law enforcement	3
6	资源清单 Resource inventory	3
7	合作伙伴 Partner	3
二	规划 Planning	14
8	管理目标 Management objectives	3
9	规划设计 Planning and design	3
附加项 Additional point	自然保护区存在天然或人为的基因交流隔断 There is natural or artificial gene communication barriers in nature reserve	1
附加项 Additional point	规划设计已充分考虑应对气候变化影响的因素 Impact of climate change has considered when the nature reserve was planning	1
10	管理计划 Management plan	3
附加项 Additional point	应对气候变化工作已纳入管理计划 Climate change response has been incorporated into the management plan	1
	建立了制度和程序, 定期审查和更新管理计划 Established systems and procedures to review and update management plans on a regular basis	1
	监测评价和研究结果能充分反映在管理计划中 The results of monitoring, research and evaluation can be fully reflected in the management plan	1
三	投入 Inputs	16
11	科学研究 Scientific research	3
12	员工数量 Number of employees	3
13	资金预算 Funding budget	3
14	固定预算 Fixed budget	3
15	设施设备 Equipment and facilities	3
附加项 Additional point	具有应对极端气候事件的设备设施 The nature reserve has facilities to deal with extreme weather events	1
四	过程 Process	32
16	监测评估 Monitoring and evaluation	3
附加项 Additional point	选择了针对气候变化的监测指标并实施了监测 The monitoring indicators was confirmed and monitoring is conducted	1
附加项 Additional point	气候变化监测评估的结果应用于管理决策依据 The results of climate change monitoring is contributed to decision making	1
17	资源管理 Resource management	3
18	人事管理 Human management	3

编号 No.	评价内容 Evaluation content	分数 Score
一	背景 Context	23
1	法律地位 Legal status	3
2	规章条例 Nature reserve regulations	3
附加项Additional point	自然保护区出台了极端气候事件的应急方案 Nature reserves developed emergency plans for extreme weather events	1
3	脆弱性 Vulnerability	3
附加项 Additional point	开展了脆弱性评估 A vulnerability assessment was carried out in the nature reserve	1
4	不利影响 Negative influence	3
5	管理执行 Law enforcement	3
6	资源清单 Resource inventory	3
7	合作伙伴 Partner	3
二	规划 Planning	14
8	管理目标 Management objectives	3
9	规划设计 Planning and design	3
附加项 Additional point	自然保护区存在天然或人为的基因交流隔断 There is natural or artificial gene communication barriers in nature reserve	1
附加项 Additional point	规划设计已充分考虑应对气候变化影响的因素 Impact of climate change has considered when the nature reserve was planning	1
10	管理计划 Management plan	3
附加项 Additional point	应对气候变化工作已纳入管理计划 Climate change response has been incorporated into the management plan	1
	建立了制度和程序, 定期审查和更新管理计划 Established systems and procedures to review and update management plans on a regular basis	1
	监测评价和研究结果能充分反映在管理计划中 The results of monitoring, research and evaluation can be fully reflected in the management plan	1
三	投入 Inputs	16
11	科学研究 Scientific research	3
12	员工数量 Number of employees	3
13	资金预算 Funding budget	3
14	固定预算 Fixed budget	3
15	设施设备 Equipment and facilities	3
附加项 Additional point	具有应对极端气候事件的设备设施 The nature reserve has facilities to deal with extreme weather events	1
四	过程 Process	32
16	监测评估 Monitoring and evaluation	3
附加项 Additional point	选择了针对气候变化的监测指标并实施了监测 The monitoring indicators was confirmed and monitoring is conducted	1
附加项 Additional point	气候变化监测评估的结果应用于管理决策依据 The results of climate change monitoring is contributed to decision making	1
17	资源管理 Resource management	3
18	人事管理 Human management	3

编号 No.	评价内容 Evalution content	分数 Score
附加项 Additional point	管理人员有应对气候变化资源管理的能力或技术 Managers have the capacity or skills to manage resources to deal with climate change	1
19	能力建设 Capacity building	3
附加项 Additional point	管理人员接受应对气候变化的管理培训 Managers are trained in climate change management	1
20	预算管理 Budget management	3
21	设备设施维护 Equipment and facility maintenance	3
22	宣传教育 Publicity and education	3
附加项 Additional point	宣传教育涉及气候变化对保护区影响内容 The publicity and education involves the impacts of climate change and mitigation and adaptation of nature reserves	1
23	利益相关者 Stakeholders	3
24	公众参与 Public participation	3
五	产出 Outputs	7
25	公众设施 Public facilities	3
26	管理成效 Management efficiency	3
附加项 Additional point	积极规划恢复退化地区的保护区和/或保护区缓冲区 Active planning for conservation and/or conservation buffer zones in degraded areas	1
六	影响 Outcomes	8
27	经济效益 Economic benefit	3
附加项 Additional point	安排有改善社区居民经济和生活条件的项目 In the process of resource management, conservation areas arrange projects to improve the economic and living conditions of community residents	1
附加项 Additional point	争取了国内外减缓和适应气候变化的资金 Nature reserve has secured domestic and international funding for climate change mitigation and adaptation, such as REDD and CCBA	1
28	可持续发展 Sustainable development	3

编号 No.	评价内容 Evalution content	分数 Score
附加项 Additional point	管理人员有应对气候变化资源管理的能力或技术 Managers have the capacity or skills to manage resources to deal with climate change	1
19	能力建设 Capacity building	3
附加项 Additional point	管理人员接受应对气候变化的管理培训 Managers are trained in climate change management	1
20	预算管理 Budget management	3
21	设备设施维护 Equipment and facility maintenance	3
22	宣传教育 Publicity and education	3
附加项 Additional point	宣传教育涉及气候变化对保护区影响内容 The publicity and education involves the impacts of climate change and mitigation and adaptation of nature reserves	1
23	利益相关者 Stakeholders	3
24	公众参与 Public participation	3
五	产出 Outputs	7
25	公众设施 Public facilities	3
26	管理成效 Management efficiency	3
附加项 Additional point	积极规划恢复退化地区的保护区和/或保护区缓冲区 Active planning for conservation and/or conservation buffer zones in degraded areas	1
六	影响 Outcomes	8
27	经济效益 Economic benefit	3
附加项 Additional point	安排有改善社区居民经济和生活条件的项目 In the process of resource management, conservation areas arrange projects to improve the economic and living conditions of community residents	1
附加项 Additional point	争取了国内外减缓和适应气候变化的资金 Nature reserve has secured domestic and international funding for climate change mitigation and adaptation, such as REDD and CCBA	1
28	可持续发展 Sustainable development	3