澜沧江-湄公河中上游淡水鱼类多样性

doi:10.17520/biods.2019195

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

澜沧江-湄公河是东南亚最大的河流, 也是世界上淡水生物多样性最高的三大河流之一。由于特殊的地理位置和国际河流属性, 澜沧江-湄公河淡水鱼类的多样性现状仍缺乏系统的认识。本文在近20年调查的基础上, 系统整理了澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个支流或亚流域的淡水鱼类物种名录, 在此基础上对其种类组成和分布进行了分析, 并利用分类学多样性指数对澜沧江-湄公河中上游流域的物种多样性进行了评估。结果表明, 澜沧江-湄公河中上游共记录了淡水鱼类745种, 分属于2纲17目63科229属, 其中鲤形目鱼类451种, 占物种数的60.5%。分类学多样性指数显示, 从源头到中游, 淡水鱼类在分类阶元上的分布越来越均匀, 亲缘关系越来越远, 分类多样性越来越高。聚类分析(cluster analysis, CA)和多维尺度分析(multi-dimensional scaling, MDS)表明, 当Jaccard相似性系数为8.69时, 澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域可以分为源区、上游和中游3组; 相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果显示, 各组之间淡水鱼类组成差异显著(R = 0.877, P = 0.001)。相似性百分比分析(similarity percentage analysis, SIMPER)结果表明, 导致3组差异性的鱼类主要是鲤形目和鲇形目鱼类, 且随着地势阶梯的升高出现了科级、属级类群的替代。近几十年来, 随着流域各国人口的增长和经济的快速发展, 澜沧江-湄公河鱼类多样性和渔业资源面临严重威胁, 未来需加强流域内国家间合作, 在流域尺度上制定科学保护计划。

关键词: 澜沧江-湄公河, 淡水鱼类, 种类组成, 分类学多样性

Abstract

The Lancang-Mekong River is the longest river in Southeast Asia, and is one of the richest areas of freshwater biodiversity in the world. Because it is an international river through six countries and holds extremely high fish biodiversity, there is a lack of systematic understanding of freshwater fish diversity. Over the past two decades, this team systematically compiled a list of freshwater fish species in 32 sub-basins or tributaries in the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River. Now in this paper, the species composition and distribution of fish have been analyzed, and the species diversity of the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River has been evaluated using the taxonomic diversity index. The results showed that 745 species of freshwater fish were recorded in the middle and upper reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River. These fish belong to 229 genera, 63 families, 17 orders and 2 classes. Of these, 451 species of Cypriniformes fish accounted for 60.5% of the species. The taxonomic diversity index showed that, from the source to the middle reaches of the river, the taxonomic distribution of freshwater fish became increasingly more even, the relationships were increasingly further apart, and the fish diversity gradually increased. Cluster analysis (CA) and multi-dimensional scaling analysis (MDS) results showed that the 32 sub-basins could be divided into three groups (Jaccard similarity coefficient=8.69), and the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated that the composition of freshwater fish differed significantly between the groups (R = 0.877, P = 0.001). Similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) results indicated that Cypriniformes and Siluriformes were the main fish that differed among the three groups, and the species composition of groups presented distinctive changes at the family and species levels with the altitude rising. With the rapid population growth and economic development of the countries in the river basin in recent decades, the fish diversity and fishery resources of the Lancang-Mekong River face serious threats. Thus, it is urgent that countries in the river basin cooperate and formulate a scientific protection plan at the basin scale.

Key words: Lancang-Mekong River, freshwater fish, species composition, taxonomic diversity

李雪晴, 孙赫英, 何德奎, 陈毅峰 (2019) 澜沧江-湄公河中上游淡水鱼类多样性. 生物多样性, 27, 1090-1100. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019195.

Xueqing Li, Heying Sun, Dekui He, Yifeng Chen (2019) Freshwater fish diversity in the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River. Biodiversity Science, 27, 1090-1100. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019195.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2019195

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2019/V27/I10/1090

图/表 7

图1 澜沧江-湄公河中上游流域、地理单元(亚流域或支流)以及调查样点分布图。亚流域划分: ZQ: 扎曲; SQ: 色曲; AD: 阿东河; YC: 永春河; TD: 通甸河; EH: 洱海; BJ: 沘江; HH: 黑惠江; LZ: 罗闸河; MG: 勐嘎河; XH: 小黑河; WY: 威远江; HR: 黑河; BY: 补远江; LS: 流沙河; NL: 南腊河; DZ: 大中河; MK-1: 中老边界-博胶; MK-2: 博胶-琅勃拉邦南乌江口; NO: 南乌江; NK: 南康河; NN: 南俄河; MK-3: 琅勃拉邦南乌江口-万象南俄河口; NNP: 南涅河; NC: 南卡丁河; SG: 颂堪河; CHI: 锡河; MUN：蒙河; SBF: 色邦非河; SBH: 色邦亨河; SK: 塞公河; MK-4: 颂堪河口-老挝与柬埔寨边界。

Fig. 1 Map of the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River, the geographic regions (sub-basins or tributaries) and investigation spots in this study. Sub-basins Division: ZQ: Zaqu; SQ: Sequ; AD: Adong River; YC: Yongchun River; TD: Tongdian River; EH: Erhai; BJ: Bijiang; HH: Heihui River; LZ: Luoza River; MG: Mengga River; XH: Xiaohei River; WY: Weiyuan River; HR: Hei River; BY: Buyuan River; LS: Liusha River; NL: Nanla River; DZ: Dazhong River; MK-1: The Border between China and LAOs-Bokeo, LAOs; MK-2: Bokeo-Nam Ou River Estuary, Luang Prabang; NO: Nam Ou River; NK: Nam Khan River; NN: Nam Ngum River; MK-3: Nam Ou River Estuary, Luang Prabang-Nam Ngum Estuary, Vientiane; NNP: Nam Nhiep River; NC: Nam Cadinh River; SG: Songkhram River; CHI: Chi River; MUN: Mun; SBF: Se Bang Fai River; SBH: Se Bang Hieng River; SK: Se Kong River; MK-4: Songkhram Estuary-the border between LAOs and Cambodia.

表1 澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+) (河流代号见图1)。

Table 1 Average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) of 32 sub-basins in the upper and middle Lancang-Mekong River. Sub-basin codes are shown in Fig. 1.

亚流域 Sub-basin	物种数 Species number	平均分类差异指数 Average taxonomic distinctness (Δ⁺)	分类差异变异指数 Variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ⁺)	亚流域 Sub-basin	物种数 Species number	平均分类差异指数 Average taxonomic distinctness (Δ⁺)	分类差异变异指数 variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ⁺)
ZQ	17	60.88	434.52	NL	116	65.78	221.76
SQ	24	61.45	348.62	MK-1	240	68.52	233.13
AD	10	60.89	550.32	MK-2	99	67.47	232.44
YC	21	63.05	379.28	NO	105	65.64	247.45
TD	26	62.95	370.35	NK	85	67.68	227.93
BJ	54	64.72	261.12	MK-3	223	70.52	223.58
HH	39	66.37	256.32	NN	157	67.92	224.96
EH	23	56.92	396.82	NNP	123	69.65	220.26
LZ	49	65.92	218.71	NC	104	69.47	226.98
XH	62	65.67	221.7	SG	70	72.31	182.76
MG	10	66.22	210.17	CHI	170	71.55	185.59
WY	32	67.06	242.95	MUN	294	71.68	198.2
HR	23	64.19	331.85	SBF	72	68.46	237.22
DZ	11	60.73	406.74	SBH	157	69.83	216.84
BY	100	66.5	247.27	SK	94	65.67	244.18
LS	109	66.14	226.43	MK-4	379	71.45	195.07

图2 澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+)的95%的置信区间漏斗图(河流代号同图1)。

Fig. 2 The 95% probability funnels of average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) for 32 sub-basins of the upper and middle reaches of Lancang-Mekong River. Sub-basin codes are shown in Fig. 1.

图3 基于Jaccard相似性矩阵和组平均聚类法构建的澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域淡水鱼类聚类树状图(河流代号见图1)

Fig. 3 Cluster analysis of 32 sub-basins freshwater fish data for the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River based on Jaccard similarity matrix and group average clustering method. Sub-basin codes are shown in Fig. 1.

图4 基于Jaccard相似性矩阵的澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域淡水鱼类组成的多维尺度分析(MDS)排序图(河流代号见图1)

Fig. 4 Multi-dimensional scaling analysis of freshwater fish in 32 sub-basins in the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River based on Jaccard similarity matrix. Sub- basin codes are shown in Fig. 1.

表2 澜沧江-湄公河中上游3个生物地理区淡水鱼类组成相似的主要属及其贡献率

Table 2 The genera contributing to similarity of freshwater fish composition among three biogeographical regions in the upper and middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River.

关键属 Key genus	源区和上游 Headwaters & upper reach	上游和中游 Upper reach & middle reach	源区和中游 Headwaters & middle reach
高鲮属 Altigena	2.47	-	-
纹胸鮡属 Glyptothorax	7.62	2.37	2.15
半鲿属 Hemibagrus	-	1.9	-
间吸鳅属 Hemimyzon	2.4	-	-
长臀鲃属 Mystacoleucus	-	1.97	2.15
鳠属 Mystus	-	1.95	2.07
纹唇鱼属 Osteochilus	-	1.83	1.97
无齿𩷶属 Pangasianodon	-	1.8	-
单孔鲀属 Pao	-	1.83	1.99
鮡属 Pareuchiloglanis	3.11	-	-
吻孔鲃属 Poropuntius	2.97	2.39	2.02
褶鮡属 Pseudecheneis	3.23	-	-
波鱼属 Rasbora	-	3.17	3.1
南鳅属 Schistura	2.83	3.92	2.79
裂腹鱼属 Schizothorax	6.25	-	2.61
结鱼属 Tor	2.68	-	-
高原鳅属 Triplophysa	6.18	-	2.27

表3 河源、上游和中游鱼类组成相似性的主要属及其贡献率

Table 3 The genera contributing to similarity of fish composition within headwaters, upper and middle reaches

	目 Order	科 Family	属 Genus	贡献率 Contribution (%)
源区 Headwaters	鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	裂腹鱼属 Schizothorax	34.43
			叶须鱼属 Ptychobarbus	2.04
			裸裂尻鱼属 Schizopygopsis	2.04
		条鳅科 Nemacheilidae	高原鳅属 Triplophysa	16.11
		条鳅科 Nemacheilidae	荷马条鳅属 Homatula	2.13
		爬鳅科 Balitoridae	拟平鳅属 Pseudohomaloptera	2.13
	鲇形目 Siluriformes	鮡科 Sisoridae	纹胸鮡属 Glyptothorax	9.86
			鮡属 Pareuchiloglanis	7.95
			褶鮡属 Pseudecheneis	6.74
			异鮡属 Creteuchiloglanis	4.61
上游 Upper reach	鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	吻孔鲃属 Poropuntius	7.07
			舟齿鱼属 Scaphiodonichthys	4.7
			结鱼属 Torg	4.13
			高鲮属 Altigena	3.42
			墨头鱼属 Garra	3.4
			东坡墨鱼属 Ageneiogarra	3.01
		条鳅科 Nemacheilidae	南鳅属 Schistura	3.91
	鲇形目 Siluriformes	鮡科 Sisoridae	纹胸鮡属 Glyptothorax	8.86
		鮡科 Sisoridae	褶鮡属 Pseudecheneis	4.1
		锡伯鲶科 Ailiidae	鲱鲶属 Clupisoma	2.98
中游 Middle reach	鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	长臀鲃属 Mystacoleucus	4
			圆唇鱼属 Cyclocheilichthys	2.66
			裂峡鲃属 Hampala	2.48
			纹唇鱼属 Osteochilus	2.7
		鱼丹科 Danionidae	波鱼属 Rasbora	3.91
		鱼丹科 Danionidae	真马口波鱼属 Opsarius	3.74
	鲈形目 Perciformes	鳢科 Channidae	鳢属 Channa	3.36
	合鳃目 Synbranchiformes	刺鳅科 Mastacembelidae	刺鳅属 Mastacembelus	2.3
	鲇形目 Siluriformes	鲿科 Bagridae	鳠属 Mystus	2.28
	鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes	鲀科 Tetraodontidae	单孔鲀属 Pao	2.22

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