我国黄曲霉遗传多样性与产毒特性

doi:10.17520/biods.2019034

生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (8): 842-853. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019034 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2019034

我国黄曲霉遗传多样性与产毒特性

余仲东¹,余知和²,金世宇³,王龙^4,^*()

^1. 西北农林科技大学林学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
^2. 长江大学生命科学学院, 湖北荆州 434025
^3. 北京市京西林场, 北京 102300
^4. 中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室, 北京 100101

收稿日期:2019-02-14 接受日期:2019-05-15 出版日期:2019-08-20 发布日期:2019-05-20
通讯作者: 王龙
基金资助:
科技部科技基础性工作专项(2014FY210400);科技部重点研发计划(2017YFD0600103-4-2);国家自然科学基金(31270539);)国家自然科学基金(31750001);中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目(QYZDY-SSW-SMC029)

Genetic diversity and toxin-producing characters of Aspergillus flavus from China

Zhongdong Yu¹,Zhihe Yu²,Shiyu Jin³,Long Wang^4,^*()

^1. College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100;
^2. College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025
^3. Beijing Jingxi Forest Farm, Mentougou, Beijing 102300
^4. State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101

Received:2019-02-14 Accepted:2019-05-15 Online:2019-08-20 Published:2019-05-20
Contact: Wang Long

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)是一种广泛分布的腐生真菌, 是黄曲霉毒素B (aflatoxin B, AFB)和圆弧偶氮酸(cyclopiazonic acid, CPA)的主要产生菌, 也是动植物的条件致病菌。全球的玉米、花生和棉籽均不同程度地遭到黄曲霉及其毒素的污染。黄曲霉菌株间在形态学、遗传学和产毒特性上变异较大, 且其居群遗传结构也尚不明确。为了揭示黄曲霉居群遗传结构及其产毒素特性的规律, 本研究选取了从我国26省区(包括大小兴安岭)不同环境中分离的黄曲霉88株, 结合模式菌株和国际权威菌株9株, 基于钙调蛋白基因(CaM)和β-微管蛋白基因(benA)进行多基因序列分型(multi-locus sequence typing, MLST), 使用MEGA 6.0和Structure 2.3.4软件进行系统发育学分析和居群结构推导, 并结合菌株的产毒特性(AFB和CPA)进行比较分析。结果显示本研究的97株黄曲霉可分为3个居群, 即黄曲霉居群I、黄曲霉居群II和米曲霉居群, 该97株黄曲霉共有17个序列型(sequence type, ST), 其中我国的88株菌分布于15个序列型。米曲霉居群均不产AFB, 黄曲霉居群I和II的菌株绝大多数都产AFB和CPA, 其产毒特性只具有菌株特异性, 与居群和序列型无关。黄曲霉菌株产毒特性与地理分布或农作物类型间存在一定关系。我国东北玉米产区、西北干旱棉花产区和南方花生产区的黄曲霉居群I和II菌株均产AFB和CPA, 我国青海可可西里和四川阿坝地区的黄曲霉仅产CPA而不产AFB, 不产AFB的米曲霉居群大部分来自我国气候和地理环境多样的华北地区, 该地区也是我国农村传统酿造黄豆酱的地区。

关键词: 多样性, 遗传标记, 真菌毒素, 直源基因, 种系学

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus is commonly regarded as a kind of saprophytic fungi with a wide distribution. It is the major aflatoxin B (AFB) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) producing species, as well as a pathogen to humans and animals. In the world, huge amounts of corns, peanuts and cotton seeds are vulnerable to be contaminated by A. flavus and aflatoxin each year. There is much variance in morphological, genetic and toxin-producing characters among isolates of A. flavus, resulting in its ambiguous population structure. In this paper, we analyzed 88 isolates of A. flavus from different environments of 26 provinces (including the Greater and Lesser Khinggan Mountains) in China, as well as nine ex-types and authentic strains based on CaM and benA sequences to infer their sequence types (STs) using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and their phylogenetic relationships and population structures employing MEGA 6.0 and Structure 2.3.4 softwares, together with their toxin-producing features (AFB and CPA). Our results showed that the 88 Chinese isolates and nine ex-type and authentic strains were distributed in three populations, i.e. A. flavus population I, A. flavus population II and population A. oryzae. There were 17 STs among the 97 isolates, among which the 88 strains from China were distributed in 15 STs. All isolates of population A. oryzae did not produce AFB, but most isolates of the A. flavus populations I and II produced AFB and CPA. The toxin-producing features were strain-specific, but not correlated to sequence types or populations. Some correlations between toxin-producing characters and geographical environments or crop types were recognized. The isolates of A. flavus populations I and II from the northeast areas planting corns, the arid northwest planting cottons and the south areas growing peanuts all produced AFB and CPA. The isolates from Hoh Xil of Qinghai and Aba of Sichuan did not produce AFB, though with the production of CPA. The isolates of A. oryzae population without AFB production were almost from North China with diverse climates and geographical environments, where the traditional Chinese soybean paste is made in the rural areas.

Key words: diversity, genetic markers, mycotoxins, orthologous genes, phylogenetics

余仲东, 余知和, 金世宇, 王龙 (2019) 我国黄曲霉遗传多样性与产毒特性. 生物多样性, 27, 842-853. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019034.

Zhongdong Yu, Zhihe Yu, Shiyu Jin, Long Wang (2019) Genetic diversity and toxin-producing characters of Aspergillus flavus from China. Biodiversity Science, 27, 842-853. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019034.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2019034

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2019/V27/I8/842

图/表 7

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菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	产毒素 Toxin production
菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	AFB	CPA
1	A. flavus	CBS 100927^T	南太平洋群岛; 赛璐玢 Cellophane; South Pacific Islands	-	+
2	A. oryzae	CBS 100925^T	日本大阪; 分离基物未知 Ex-type of A. oryzae, unknown source; Osaka, Japan	-	+
3	A. thomii	CBS 120.51^T	英国伦敦; 污染物 Ex-type of A. thomii, culture contaminant; London, UK	-	+
4	A. flavus	CYH2-2-1	河北石家庄; 空气 Air; Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China	+	+
5	A. flavus	3.4408	日本东京; 土壤 Soil; Tokyo, Japan	+	+
6	A. flavus	14527	西藏米林; 土壤 Soil; Milin, Tibet, China	+	+
7	A. flavus	13483	山西五台山; 土壤 Soil; Mt. Wutaishan, Shanxi, China	+	+
8	A. flavus	13868	内蒙古呼伦贝尔; 土壤 Soil; Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia, China	+	+
9	A. flavus	13894	湖南益阳; 土壤 Soil; Yiyang, Hunan, China	+	+
10	A. flavus	13895	江西三清山; 土壤 Soil; Sanqingshan, Jiangxi, China	+	+
11	A. flavus	13918	江苏苏州; 土壤 Soil, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China	+	+
12	A. flavus	13952	甘肃兰州; 土壤 Soil; Lanzhou, Gansu, China	-	+
13	A. flavus	13961	宁夏罗山; 土壤 Soil; Luoshan, Ningxia, China	-	-
14	A. flavus	13962	宁夏灵武; 土壤 Soil; Lingwu, Ningxia, China	-	-
15	A. flavus	14099	山西吕梁; 土壤 Soil; lvliang, Shanxi, China	+	+
16	A. flavus	14131	山西大同; 土壤 Soil; Datong, Shanxi, China	+	+
17	A. flavus	14151	河南洛阳; 土壤 Soil; Luoyang, Henan, China	-	-
18	A. flavus	14152	河南南阳; 土壤 Soil; Nanyang, Henan, China	-	-
19	A. flavus	14153	山东泰安土壤 Soil; Tai’an, Shandong, China	-	-
20	A. flavus	14154	山东临沂; 土壤 Soil; Linyi, Shandong, China	-	-
21	A. flavus	14155	河北兴隆; 土壤 Soil; Xinglong, Hebei, China	-	-
22	A. flavus	14156	河北张家口; 土壤 Soil; Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China	-	-
23	A. flavus	14157	河北保定; 土壤 Soil; Baoding, Hebei, China	-	-
24	A. flavus	14159	河北衡水; 土壤 Soil; Hengshui, Hebei, China	-	-
25	A. flavus	14175	浙江乌镇; 土壤 Soil; Wuzhen, Zhejiang, China	+	+
26	A. flavus	14334	安徽巢湖; 荸荠 Water chestnut; Chaohu, Anhui, China	+	+
27	A. flavus	14353	新疆吐鲁番; 土壤 Soil; Turpan, Xinjiang, China	+	+
28	A. flavus	14355	新疆石河子; 土壤 Soil; Shihezi, Xinjiang, China	+	+
29	A. flavus	14356	新疆乌鲁木齐; 土壤 Soil; Urumqi, Xinjiang, China	+	+
30	A. flavus	14357	新疆伊犁; 土壤 Soil; Yili, Xinjiang, China	+	+
31	A. flavus	14358	陕西榆林; 土壤 Soil; Yulin, Shaanxi, China	+	+
32	A. flavus	14359	陕西汉中; 土壤 Soil; Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China	+	+
33	A. flavus	14373	陕西渭南; 土壤 Soil; Weinan, Shaanxi, China	+	+
34	A. flavus	14374	新疆吐鲁番; 土壤 Soil, Turpan, Xinjiang, China	+	+
35	A. flavus	23124	海南五指山; 土壤 Soil; Mt. Wuzhishan, Hainan, China	+	+

菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	产毒素 Toxin production
菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	AFB	CPA
1	A. flavus	CBS 100927^T	南太平洋群岛; 赛璐玢 Cellophane; South Pacific Islands	-	+
2	A. oryzae	CBS 100925^T	日本大阪; 分离基物未知 Ex-type of A. oryzae, unknown source; Osaka, Japan	-	+
3	A. thomii	CBS 120.51^T	英国伦敦; 污染物 Ex-type of A. thomii, culture contaminant; London, UK	-	+
4	A. flavus	CYH2-2-1	河北石家庄; 空气 Air; Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China	+	+
5	A. flavus	3.4408	日本东京; 土壤 Soil; Tokyo, Japan	+	+
6	A. flavus	14527	西藏米林; 土壤 Soil; Milin, Tibet, China	+	+
7	A. flavus	13483	山西五台山; 土壤 Soil; Mt. Wutaishan, Shanxi, China	+	+
8	A. flavus	13868	内蒙古呼伦贝尔; 土壤 Soil; Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia, China	+	+
9	A. flavus	13894	湖南益阳; 土壤 Soil; Yiyang, Hunan, China	+	+
10	A. flavus	13895	江西三清山; 土壤 Soil; Sanqingshan, Jiangxi, China	+	+
11	A. flavus	13918	江苏苏州; 土壤 Soil, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China	+	+
12	A. flavus	13952	甘肃兰州; 土壤 Soil; Lanzhou, Gansu, China	-	+
13	A. flavus	13961	宁夏罗山; 土壤 Soil; Luoshan, Ningxia, China	-	-
14	A. flavus	13962	宁夏灵武; 土壤 Soil; Lingwu, Ningxia, China	-	-
15	A. flavus	14099	山西吕梁; 土壤 Soil; lvliang, Shanxi, China	+	+
16	A. flavus	14131	山西大同; 土壤 Soil; Datong, Shanxi, China	+	+
17	A. flavus	14151	河南洛阳; 土壤 Soil; Luoyang, Henan, China	-	-
18	A. flavus	14152	河南南阳; 土壤 Soil; Nanyang, Henan, China	-	-
19	A. flavus	14153	山东泰安土壤 Soil; Tai’an, Shandong, China	-	-
20	A. flavus	14154	山东临沂; 土壤 Soil; Linyi, Shandong, China	-	-
21	A. flavus	14155	河北兴隆; 土壤 Soil; Xinglong, Hebei, China	-	-
22	A. flavus	14156	河北张家口; 土壤 Soil; Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China	-	-
23	A. flavus	14157	河北保定; 土壤 Soil; Baoding, Hebei, China	-	-
24	A. flavus	14159	河北衡水; 土壤 Soil; Hengshui, Hebei, China	-	-
25	A. flavus	14175	浙江乌镇; 土壤 Soil; Wuzhen, Zhejiang, China	+	+
26	A. flavus	14334	安徽巢湖; 荸荠 Water chestnut; Chaohu, Anhui, China	+	+
27	A. flavus	14353	新疆吐鲁番; 土壤 Soil; Turpan, Xinjiang, China	+	+
28	A. flavus	14355	新疆石河子; 土壤 Soil; Shihezi, Xinjiang, China	+	+
29	A. flavus	14356	新疆乌鲁木齐; 土壤 Soil; Urumqi, Xinjiang, China	+	+
30	A. flavus	14357	新疆伊犁; 土壤 Soil; Yili, Xinjiang, China	+	+
31	A. flavus	14358	陕西榆林; 土壤 Soil; Yulin, Shaanxi, China	+	+
32	A. flavus	14359	陕西汉中; 土壤 Soil; Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China	+	+
33	A. flavus	14373	陕西渭南; 土壤 Soil; Weinan, Shaanxi, China	+	+
34	A. flavus	14374	新疆吐鲁番; 土壤 Soil, Turpan, Xinjiang, China	+	+
35	A. flavus	23124	海南五指山; 土壤 Soil; Mt. Wuzhishan, Hainan, China	+	+

菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	产毒素 Toxin production
菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	AFB	CPA
36	A. flavus	AB34	四川若尔盖; 土壤 Soil; Ruoergai Prairie, Sichuan, China	-	+
37	A. flavus	FJ17-2	福建宁德; 茶叶 Tea; Ningde, Fujian, China	+	+
38	A. flavus	HB4	湖北神农架; 土壤 Soil; Shennongjia, Hubei, China	+	+
39	A. flavus	HL53	黑龙江凉水; 土壤 Soil; Liangshui Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang, China	+	+
40	A. flavus	HL70	黑龙江乌伊岭; 土壤 Soil; Wuyiling, Heilongjiang, China	+	+
41	A. flavus	KK39	青海互助县; 土壤 Soil; Huzhu County, Qinghai, China	-	+
42	A. flavus	KK41	青海互助县; 土壤 Soil; Huzhu County, Qinghai, China	-	+
43	A. flavus	KK49	青海互助县; 土壤 Soil; Huzhu County, Qinghai, China	-	+
44	A. flavus	KK50	青海可可西里; 土壤 Soil; Hoh Xil, Qinghai, China	-	+
45	A. flavus	KK65	青海楚玛尔河; 土壤 Soil; Chumaer River, Qinghai, China	-	+
46	A. flavus	KK66	青海可可西里; 土壤 Soil; Hoh Xil, Qinghai, China	-	+
47	A. flavus	KK67	青海楚玛尔河; 土壤 Soil; Chumaer River, Qinghai, China	-	+
48	A. flavus	KK68	青海沱沱河; 土壤 Soil; Tuotuo River, Qinghai, China	-	+
49	A. flavus	KK69	青海沱沱河; 土壤 Soil; Tuotuo River, Qinghai, China	-	+
50	A. flavus	KK70	青海楚玛尔河; 土壤 Soil; Chumaer River, Qinghai, China	-	+
51	A. flavus	KK72	青海青海湖; 土壤 Soil; Qinghai Lake, Qinghai, China	+	+
52	A. flavus	KK73	青海青海湖; 土壤 Soil; Qinghai Lake, Qinghai, China	+	+
53	A. flavus	KK94	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	+	+
54	A. flavus	KK102	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
55	A. flavus	KK103	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
56	A. flavus	KK104	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
57	A. flavus	KK114	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
58	A. flavus	XZ107	陕西南宫山; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Mt. Nangongshan, Shaanxi, China	+	+
59	A. flavus	XZ108	陕西通天河; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Tongtian River, Shaanxi, China	+	+
60	A. flavus	XZ109	陕西南宫山; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Mt. Nangongshan, Shaanxi, China	+	+
61	A. flavus	XZ112	陕西通天河; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Tongtian River, Shaanxi, China	+	+
62	A. flavus	YN23	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	-	+
63	A. flavus	YN35	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
64	A. flavus	YN48	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
65	A. flavus	YN49	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
66	A. flavus	YN51	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
67	A. flavus	NRRL 3357	美国; 霉花生 Moldy peanuts; USA	+	+
68	A. oryzae	RIB40	日本; 谷粒 Cereal grains; Japan	-	-
69	A. flavus	3.262	辽宁大连; 空气 Air; Dalian, Liaoning, China	-	-
70	A. flavus	3.267	辽宁大连; 土壤 Soil; Dalian, Liaoning, China	-	+
71	A. flavus	3.337	天津; 蚊香 Mosquito-repellent incense; Tianjin, China	-	+
72	A. flavus	3.417	天津; 酱曲 Soy sauce starter; Tianjin, China	-	+
73	A. flavus	3.870	天津; 酱曲 Soy sauce starter; Tianjin, China	+	+
74	A. flavus	3.881	上海; 小麦 Wheat; Shanghai, China	-	+
75	A. flavus	3.2146	北京; 大米 Rice; Beijing, China	+	+
76	A. flavus	3.2758	广东广州; 空气 Air; Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	-	+
77	A. flavus	3.2789	越南河内; 土壤 Soil; Hanoi, Vietnam	-	+
78	A. flavus	3.2823	安徽芜湖; 植物 Plants; Wuhu, Anhui, China	-	+

菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	产毒素 Toxin production
菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	AFB	CPA
36	A. flavus	AB34	四川若尔盖; 土壤 Soil; Ruoergai Prairie, Sichuan, China	-	+
37	A. flavus	FJ17-2	福建宁德; 茶叶 Tea; Ningde, Fujian, China	+	+
38	A. flavus	HB4	湖北神农架; 土壤 Soil; Shennongjia, Hubei, China	+	+
39	A. flavus	HL53	黑龙江凉水; 土壤 Soil; Liangshui Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang, China	+	+
40	A. flavus	HL70	黑龙江乌伊岭; 土壤 Soil; Wuyiling, Heilongjiang, China	+	+
41	A. flavus	KK39	青海互助县; 土壤 Soil; Huzhu County, Qinghai, China	-	+
42	A. flavus	KK41	青海互助县; 土壤 Soil; Huzhu County, Qinghai, China	-	+
43	A. flavus	KK49	青海互助县; 土壤 Soil; Huzhu County, Qinghai, China	-	+
44	A. flavus	KK50	青海可可西里; 土壤 Soil; Hoh Xil, Qinghai, China	-	+
45	A. flavus	KK65	青海楚玛尔河; 土壤 Soil; Chumaer River, Qinghai, China	-	+
46	A. flavus	KK66	青海可可西里; 土壤 Soil; Hoh Xil, Qinghai, China	-	+
47	A. flavus	KK67	青海楚玛尔河; 土壤 Soil; Chumaer River, Qinghai, China	-	+
48	A. flavus	KK68	青海沱沱河; 土壤 Soil; Tuotuo River, Qinghai, China	-	+
49	A. flavus	KK69	青海沱沱河; 土壤 Soil; Tuotuo River, Qinghai, China	-	+
50	A. flavus	KK70	青海楚玛尔河; 土壤 Soil; Chumaer River, Qinghai, China	-	+
51	A. flavus	KK72	青海青海湖; 土壤 Soil; Qinghai Lake, Qinghai, China	+	+
52	A. flavus	KK73	青海青海湖; 土壤 Soil; Qinghai Lake, Qinghai, China	+	+
53	A. flavus	KK94	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	+	+
54	A. flavus	KK102	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
55	A. flavus	KK103	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
56	A. flavus	KK104	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
57	A. flavus	KK114	青海坎布拉; 土壤 Soil; Kanbula, Qinghai, China	-	+
58	A. flavus	XZ107	陕西南宫山; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Mt. Nangongshan, Shaanxi, China	+	+
59	A. flavus	XZ108	陕西通天河; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Tongtian River, Shaanxi, China	+	+
60	A. flavus	XZ109	陕西南宫山; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Mt. Nangongshan, Shaanxi, China	+	+
61	A. flavus	XZ112	陕西通天河; 植物叶 Plant leaves; Tongtian River, Shaanxi, China	+	+
62	A. flavus	YN23	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	-	+
63	A. flavus	YN35	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
64	A. flavus	YN48	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
65	A. flavus	YN49	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
66	A. flavus	YN51	云南玉溪; 烟叶 Tobacco leaves; Yuxi, Yunnan, China	+	+
67	A. flavus	NRRL 3357	美国; 霉花生 Moldy peanuts; USA	+	+
68	A. oryzae	RIB40	日本; 谷粒 Cereal grains; Japan	-	-
69	A. flavus	3.262	辽宁大连; 空气 Air; Dalian, Liaoning, China	-	-
70	A. flavus	3.267	辽宁大连; 土壤 Soil; Dalian, Liaoning, China	-	+
71	A. flavus	3.337	天津; 蚊香 Mosquito-repellent incense; Tianjin, China	-	+
72	A. flavus	3.417	天津; 酱曲 Soy sauce starter; Tianjin, China	-	+
73	A. flavus	3.870	天津; 酱曲 Soy sauce starter; Tianjin, China	+	+
74	A. flavus	3.881	上海; 小麦 Wheat; Shanghai, China	-	+
75	A. flavus	3.2146	北京; 大米 Rice; Beijing, China	+	+
76	A. flavus	3.2758	广东广州; 空气 Air; Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	-	+
77	A. flavus	3.2789	越南河内; 土壤 Soil; Hanoi, Vietnam	-	+
78	A. flavus	3.2823	安徽芜湖; 植物 Plants; Wuhu, Anhui, China	-	+

菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	产毒素 Toxin production
菌株顺序号^*Number	物种 Species	菌株 Strains	分离地和基物 Isolation places and substrates	AFB	CPA
79	A. flavus	3.3554	北京; 空气 Air; Beijing, China	-	+
80	A. flavus var. columnaris	CBS 485.65^T	日本; 黄油 Ex-type of A. flavus var. columnaris, butter; Japan	-	+
81	A. flavus	3.4408-2	北京; 空气 Air; Beijing, China	+	+
82	A. flavus	3.4410	美国 ATCC 28539; USA	+	+
83	A. flavus	3.5211	北京 CICC 2348; Beijing, China	-	+
84	A. flavus	3.5278	四川德阳; 烂水果 Rotten fruit; Deyang, Sichuan, China	+	+
85	A. flavus	3.5283	四川成都; 土壤 Soil; Chengdu, Sichuan, China	+	+
86	A. flavus	3.5309	四川都江堰; 土壤 Soil; Dujiangyan, Sichuan, China	+	+
87	A. flavus	3.5329	贵州梵净山; 皮革 Leather; Mt. Fanjingshan, Guizhou, China	+	+
88	A. flavus	3.6153	山东泰安; 小麦 Wheat; Tai’an, Shandong, China	-	+
89	A. flavus	3.6304	广西宜山; 玉米 Corn; Yishan, Guangxi, China	-	+
90	A. flavus	3.6307	吉林珲春; 亚麻 Linen; Hunchun, Jilin, China	+	+
91	A. flavus	3.6311	广东广州; 空气 Air; Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	+	+
92	A. flavus	3.6422	河北小五台山; 松果 Pinecore; Mt. Small Wutaishan, Hebei, China	+	+
93	A. flavus	3.6428	云南大理; 霉纸 Mouldy paper; Dali, Yunnan, China	+	+
94	A. flavus	3.6431	云南大理; 玉米叶 Corn leaves; Dali, Yunnan, China	+	+
95	A. flavus	3.6434	云南思茅; 土壤 Soil; Simao, Yunnan, China	-	+
96	A. flavus	14160	河南信阳; 土壤 Soil,; Xinyang, Henan, China	-	-
97	A. flavus	FJ17	福建宁德; 茶叶 Tea; Ningde, Fujian, China	+	+
	A. arachidicola	CBS 117610^T	阿根廷; 花生叶 Arachis glabrata leaves; Argentina
	A. minisclerotigenes	CBS 115635^T	阿根廷; 花生 Arachis hypogaea seeds; Argentina
	A. parasiticus	CBS 100926^T	美国夏威夷; 嗜桔粉蚧 Pseudococcus calceolariae; Hawaii, USA
		3.306	天津; 酱曲 Soy sauce starter; Tianjin, China
	A. aflatoxiformans	CBS 143679^T	尼日利亚; 土壤 Soil; Nigeria
	A. tamarii	CBS 104.13^T	分离地未知; 活性碳 Activated carbon; unknown country

我国黄曲霉遗传多样性与产毒特性

Genetic diversity and toxin-producing characters of Aspergillus flavus from China

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K	Replicates	Mean LnP(K)	Stdev LnP(K)	Ln°(K)	\|Ln?(K)\|	Delta K
2	20	-252.900000	11.116323	-	-	-
3	20	-153.585000	0.665918	99.315000	115.770000	173.850119
4	20	-170.040000	4.371607	-16.455000	14.975000	3.425514
5	20	-171.520000	3.293790	-1.480000	16.860000	5.118723
6	20	-189.860000	14.895474	-18.340000	402.695000	27.034721
7	20	-610.895000	1,768.728466	-421.035000	779.785000	0.440873
8	20	-252.145000	53.166892	358.750000	—	—

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