生物多样性

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全球国家植物园发展现状与启示:兼论中国国家植物园体系建设路径

何拓1,周志华1*,董晖1,郭立新1,郑苗淼1,王泳腾1,秦亚龙2,顾钰峰2,袁良琛2,廖景平3,4*   

  1. 1.国家林业和草原局野生动物保护监测中心,北京 100714;2.国家林业和草原局野生动植物保护司,北京 100714;3.中国科学院华南植物园,广州 510650;4.华南国家植物园,广州 510650
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-04 修回日期:2025-10-20
  • 通讯作者: 廖景平

Development Status of Global National Botanical Gardens and Its Implications: Toward a Strategic Framework for China’s National Botanical Garden System

Tuo He1, Zhihua Zhou1*, Hui Dong1, Lixin Guo1, Miaomiao Zheng1, Yongteng Wang1, Yalong Qin2, Yufeng Gu2, Liangchen Yuan2, Jingping Liao3,4*   

  1. 1 Wildlife Conservation Monitoring Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714 

    2 Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714 

    3 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650 

    4 South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650

  • Received:2025-08-04 Revised:2025-10-20
  • Contact: Jingping Liao

摘要: 全球植物园历经从古代园林到现代科学机构的演变,逐步发展成为生物多样性保护的核心力量。国家植物园作为保护生物多样性、促进科学研究与公众教育的重要科学机构,其全球体系化发展现状与功能优化路径成为社会关注的焦点。本文系统分析了英国、法国、俄罗斯、南非等国的国家植物园体系,总结其在组织架构、科研布局与功能协同方面的创新实践经验。研究表明,各国国家植物园普遍通过明确使命定位、强化保护导向的科学评估、规范活植物收藏管理、推进科学收藏数字化和创新植物资源利用等策略,提升生物多样性保护效能和国际影响力。结合全球国家植物园的发展经验,本文建议中国国家植物园体系应聚焦植物多样性保护核心使命,构建科学完善的迁地保护网络,推动珍稀濒危植物综合保护和野外回归技术创新,建设自然教育基地以提升公众参与。未来,中国国家植物园体系应有机统筹迁地保护与就地保护,与国家公园体系共同形成生物多样性保护新格局,为全球生物多样性治理提供中国方案。

关键词: 国家植物园, 迁地保护, 生物多样性, 全球植物园发展

Abstract

Background: Botanical gardens worldwide have evolved from their historical origins as aesthetic gardens to contemporary scientific institutions, emerging as pivotal force in biodiversity conservation. Functioning as key institutions for biodiversity protection, scientific research, and public education, national botanic gardens have garnered growing attention regarding their development status. This paper conducts a systematic analysis of national botanical garden systems of the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and South Africa, and other representative nations, synthesizing insights from their strategic approaches to organizational structure, research coordination, and functional prioritization. 

Findings: To strengthen biodiversity conservation efforts and enhance international impact, national botanical gardens globally are adopting comprehensive strategies. These strategies include clarifying institutional missions, reinforcing conservation-focused research assessment mechanisms, implementing standardized protocols for managing living plant collections, advancing the digital curation of scientific collections, and innovating paradigms for plant resource utilization. 

Recommendations: China’s national botanical garden system should prioritize its core mission of plant biodiversity conservation by establishing a scientifically rigorous ex situ conservation network. This entails advancing taxonomic research, developing integrated conservation strategies and wild reintroduction techniques for rare and endangered species, and creating nature education platforms to enhance public engagement. In the future, China’s National Botanical Garden system is expected to strategically align ex situ and in situ conservation efforts, fostering synergistic collaboration with the National Park system to contribute a Chinese solution to global biodiversity governance.

Key words: national botanic garden, ex situ conservation, biodiversity, global development of botanic gardens