华北区野生麝类的分子鉴定及分布现状

doi:10.17520/biods.2024505

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (7): 24505. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024505 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024505

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

华北区野生麝类的分子鉴定及分布现状

蓝贤娜¹(), 李亦欣¹, 海路瑶¹, 骆正伟¹, 金学林⁴, 秦兴虎¹(), 胡德夫¹^,^*()(), 刘刚²^,³^,^*()()

1.北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院, 北京 100083
2.中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所, 湿地环境保护与生态修复全国重点实验室, 北京 100091
3.中国林业科学研究院湿地研究所, 湿地生态功能与恢复北京市重点实验室, 北京 100091
4.陕西省动物研究所, 西安 710032

收稿日期:2024-11-21 接受日期:2025-04-18 出版日期:2025-07-20 发布日期:2025-08-27
通讯作者: *E-mail: hudf@bjfu.edu.cn;gangl@caf.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3304000)

Identification and geographical distribution of wild musk deer species in North China

Xianna Lan¹(), Yixin Li¹, Luyao Hai¹, Zhengwei Luo¹, Xuelin Jin⁴, Xinghu Qin¹(), Defu Hu¹^,^*()(), Gang Liu²^,³^,^*()()

1 School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2 Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, State Key Laboratory of Wetland Conservation and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China
3 Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecological Function and Restoration, Beijing 100091, China
4 Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi’an 710032, China

Received:2024-11-21 Accepted:2025-04-18 Online:2025-07-20 Published:2025-08-27
Contact: *E-mail: hudf@bjfu.edu.cn;gangl@caf.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFC3304000)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

麝科是亚洲东部森林环境中的特有小型反刍动物, 分布于我国及毗邻国家。我国动物地理区划华北区麝类物种的相关记录纷杂, 物种认定亦缺乏系统研究。本研究整合分子生物学和动物地理学方法, 研究动物地理区划华北区野生麝的物种认定及其地理分布。作者于2023年2-10月于山西省吕梁山、中条山、太岳山和陕西省的黄龙山4个山系采集210份样品(208份粪便 + 2份组织), 使用线粒体16S rRNA和Cytb片段, 成功测得272条序列, 经过序列比对, 华北区麝类样品均属于林麝(Moschus berezovskii), 未发现原麝(M. moschiferus)。系统发育分析表明华北区林麝与其他区域的林麝遗传距离为0.18% (16S rRNA)和0.70% (Cytb), 结合考虑华北区林麝的形态学特征和地理分布, 推测华北区林麝可能为一个新的地理宗。地理分布分析表明, 水热、植被和人为干扰是影响华北区林麝地理分布的重要因素。目前华北区林麝分布范围主要在动物地理的华北区黄土高原亚区的山地森林带, 呈现出西南-东北走向的山地分布格局。综合分析分子证据和地理分布范围, 本研究得出结论: 华北地区的麝为林麝而非原麝, 可归属为一个新的林麝亚种或地理宗, 其地理分布受到山脉连通性和水热条件的显著影响。

关键词: 林麝, 华北区, 16S rRNA, Cytb, 分布格局

Abstract

Aims: The family Moschidae includes small ruminants endemic to forest environments in East Asia, mainly distributed in China and neighboring countries. In the North China zoogeographical region, records of musk deer species are inconsistent, and systematic research on species identification is lacking. This study aimed to clarify the species identity of musk deer and analyze their geographical distribution in North China.

Methods: From February to October 2023, a total of 210 samples (208 fecal samples and 2 tissue samples) were collected from four mountain ranges: Lüliang, Zhongtiao, and Taiyue in Shanxi Province, and Huanglong in Shaanxi Province. Mitochondrial 16S rRNA and Cytb gene fragments were used, resulting in 272 successfully sequenced fragments. Sequences were aligned and compared with known reference sequences. The geographical distribution, genetic distances, and phylogenetic relationships of musk deer in North China were analyzed.

Results: Molecular analysis identified all sampled individuals as forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), with no Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed genetic distances between the North China population and other population of M. berezovskiiwere 0.18% (16S rRNA) and 0.70% (Cytb). Combined with morphological traits and geographical distribution, this suggests the North China population may represent a new geographical sub-species. Geographical distribution analysis revealed that water availability, thermal conditions, vegetation, and human disturbance significantly influence the distribution of forest musk deer in North China. The current distribution is primarily concentrated in mountainous forest belts of the North China region and the Loess Plateau subregion, showing a southwest-northeast (SW-NE) mountain-oriented distribution pattern.

Conclusions: The musk deer population in North China belongs to forest musk deer rather than Siberian musk deer. It may constitute a new subspecies or geographical variant of M. berezovskii whose distribution is significantly influenced by mountain connectivity and hydrothermal conditions.

Key words: forest musk deer, North China, 16S rRNA, Cytb, distribution pattern

蓝贤娜, 李亦欣, 海路瑶, 骆正伟, 金学林, 秦兴虎, 胡德夫, 刘刚 (2025) 华北区野生麝类的分子鉴定及分布现状. 生物多样性, 33, 24505. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024505.

Xianna Lan, Yixin Li, Luyao Hai, Zhengwei Luo, Xuelin Jin, Xinghu Qin, Defu Hu, Gang Liu (2025) Identification and geographical distribution of wild musk deer species in North China. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24505. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024505.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024505

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I7/24505

图/表 3

图1 本研究麝样品与麝属动物mtDNA系统发育树和遗传距离矩阵。(a)基于mtDNA 16S rRNA的贝叶斯系统发育推断与遗传距离分析。(b)基于Cytb基因的贝叶斯系统发育推断与遗传距离分析。树枝下方标注贝叶斯后验概率/最大似然法自展值, 低于0.30/30的标注为“-”; 遗传距离矩阵: 下三角区为K-2p distance, 上三角区为系统发育距离, 色阶中红色表明遗传距离小, 蓝色表明遗传距离大, NA表示类群内部距离缺失。

Fig. 1 Bayesian phylogenetic tree and genetic distance matrix of mtDNA among Moschus spp. species in this study. (a) Bayesian phylogenetic inference and genetic distance analysis of mtDNA 16S rRNA. (b) Bayesian phylogenetic inference and genetic distance analysis based on cytochrome b (Cytb) gene. Nodal support shown as Bayesian posterior probabilities/maximum likelihood bootstrap values, “-” indicate that the value is less than 0.30/30; The genetic distance matrix: K-2p distance in the lower triangle and phylogenetic distance in the upper triangle, red indicate the lower genetic distance, blue indicate the higher genetic distance value, and NA indicate the loss of distance within the group.

表1 调查区域的粪便样品采集及物种鉴定结果

Table 1 Fecal sample collection and species identification from the field survey areas

鉴定结果 Identification result	吕梁山系(LL)		太岳山系(TY)	中条山系(ZT)		黄龙山系(HL)	总计 Total (n = 210)
鉴定结果 Identification result	庞泉沟 Pangquangou (n = 41)	芦芽山 Luya Mountain (n = 56)	灵空山 Lingkong Mountain (n = 9)	蟒河 Manghe (n = 26)	历山 Lishan (n = 76)	黄龙山 Huanglong Mountain* (n = 2)	总计 Total (n = 210)
林麝 Moschus berezovskii	5	5	4	23	71	2	110
西伯利亚狍 Capreolus pygargus	34	42	1	-	1	-	78
家羊 Capra hircus	-	1	-	-	-	-	1
未知物种 Unknown species	2	8	4	3	4	-	21

图2 林麝在动物地理区划华北区的适生区及其连通性

Fig. 2 Habitat suitability and connectivity of Moschus berezovskii in the North China zoogeographical region

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华北区野生麝类的分子鉴定及分布现状

Identification and geographical distribution of wild musk deer species in North China

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