只绿是不够的: 一个生物多样性友好的城市公园管理框架

doi:10.17520/biods.2024483

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市在保护生物多样性方面的作用正在逐渐得到认可。作为中国城市最主要的绿地类型之一, 城市公园有潜力为城市生物多样性的提升作出贡献。然而, 城市公园高强度和不恰当的管理养护措施仍然是其生物多样性提升的障碍, 而调整管理实践面临城市情境下的复杂挑战。本文聚焦中国城市公园的管理养护实践对生物多样性的影响, 分析了当前公园管理养护的目标、依据的法律法规与行业实践, 并尝试识别城市公园调整管理实践促进生物多样性保护的空间。研究发现, 中国城市公园需要满足多个目标, 一定程度上制约了生物多样性保护的实现。但是, 通过最大化不同目标与生物多样性保护的协同效应、最小化目标间的权衡, 城市公园仍然能够将保护生物多样性融入它的管理目标之中。本文提出认证生物多样性友好的城市公园的政策建议, 并构建了一个管理框架, 旨在指导公园管理者的实践和地方政府的评价。此外, 为了推动更大范围的变革, 还需应对城市公园管理养护相关的市场失灵问题。

关键词: 城市生物多样性, 城市公园, 城市绿地, 管理养护, 市场失灵

Abstract

Aims: The potential of cities to preserve biodiversity is gaining increased recognition. Urban green spaces (UGS), such as urban parks, play a crucial role in this effort. Research indicates that the ability of UGS to support biodiversity depends on several factors, with management activities being a key determinant. However, the current highly intense and inappropriate management of urban parks continues to hinder biodiversity enhancement. Improving management faces complex challenges in the urban context. In this paper, we focus on the management practices of Chinese urban parks and aim to answer: How can urban parks effectively enhance biodiversity by adjusting management practices?

Methods: A three-stage approach was employed in this study. First, the current regulatory framework for urban park management and biodiversity conservation was reviewed. Second, fieldwork was conducted to gather critical first-hand data through semi-structured interviews across ten urban parks and botanical gardens. Third, the data were analyzed to generate potential solutions, including a proposed management framework.

Results: Urban parks serve multiple functions for city residents and are required to meet basic needs such as safety and recreation. Inherent tensions exist between human-oriented needs, such as sanitation and aesthetic landscaping, and biodiversity conservation. Despite these conflicts, it is still possible to improve certain management practices by minimizing trade-offs among competing objectives.

Conclusion: By identifying areas for improvement and exploring root causes, such as market failures, we propose a policy recommendation for certifying biodiversity-friendly urban parks and present a management framework to guide practical changes in park operations.

Key words: urban biodiversity, Chinese urban parks, urban green spaces, management and maintenance, market failure

胡敏, 李彬彬, Coraline Goron (2025) 只绿是不够的: 一个生物多样性友好的城市公园管理框架. 生物多样性, 33, 24483. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024483.

Min Hu, Binbin V. Li, Coraline Goron (2025) Green is not enough: A management framework for urban biodiversity-friendly parks. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24483. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024483.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024483

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I5/24483

图/表 2

参考文献 34

[1]	Aronson MFJ, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH, Katti M, Goddard MA, Lepczyk CA, Warren PS, Williams NSG, Cilliers S, Clarkson B, Dobbs C, Dolan R, Hedblom M, Klotz S, Kooijmans JL, Kühn I, Macgregor-Fors I, McDonnell M, Mörtberg U, Pysek P, Siebert S, Sushinsky J, Werner P, Winter M (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20133330.
[2]	Aronson MFJ, Lepczyk CA, Evans KL, Goddard MA, Lerman SB, MacIvor JS, Nilon CH, Vargo T (2017) Biodiversity in the city: Key challenges for urban green space management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15, 189-196.
[3]	Backyard Habitats (2023) Habitats Backyard Certification Criteria. http://backyardhabitats.org/certification-criteria/. (accessed on 2023-03-29)
[4]	Barratt BIP, Dickinson KJM, Freeman C, Porter S, Johnstone PD, Wing J, van Heezik Y (2015) Biodiversity of Coleoptera and other invertebrates in urban gardens: A case study in a New Zealand city. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 8, 428-437.
[5]	Berthon K, Thomas F, Bekessy S (2021) The role of ‘nativeness’ in urban greening to support animal biodiversity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 205, 103959.
[6]	Bertoncini AP, Machon N, Pavoine S, Muratet A (2012) Local gardening practices shape urban lawn floristic communities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, 53-61.
[7]	CBD (Convention on biological diversity) (2022) 2030 Targets (with Guidance Notes). https://www.cbd.int/gbf/targets. (accessed on 2024-10-10)
[8]	Cilliers S, Cilliers J, Lubbe R, Siebert S (2013) Ecosystem services of urban green spaces in African countries— Perspectives and challenges. Urban Ecosystems, 16, 681-702.
[9]	Dearborn DC, Kark S (2010) Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conservation Biology, 24, 432-440. DOI PMID
[10]	Feng DR, Bao WK, Yang YY, Fu MC (2021) How do government policies promote greening? Evidence from China. Land Use Policy, 104, 105389.
[11]	Hu XL, Lima MF (2024) The association between maintenance and biodiversity in urban green spaces: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 251, 105153.
[12]	Kane B, Warren PS, Lerman SB (2015) A broad scale analysis of tree risk, mitigation and potential habitat for cavity-nesting birds. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14, 1137-1146.
[13]	Kang WM, Minor ES, Park CR, Lee D (2015) Effects of habitat structure, human disturbance, and habitat connectivity on urban forest bird communities. Urban Ecosystems, 18, 857-870.
[14]	Li XP, Li XL, Zhang MY, Luo QY, Li YL, Dong L (2024) Urban park attributes as predictors for the diversity and composition of spontaneous plants—A case in Beijing, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 91, 128185.
[15]	Liu XY, Yang XD, Li XY, Yang J (2025) Exploring the relationship between frugivorous birds and fruit trees in urban parks using citizen science data. Urban Ecosystems, 28, 51.
[16]	Lovell ST, Taylor JR (2013) Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landscape Ecology, 28, 1447-1463.
[17]	Lowenstein DM, Matteson KC, Xiao I, Silva AM, Minor ES (2014) Humans, bees, and pollination services in the city: The case of Chicago, IL (USA). Biodiversity and Conservation, 23, 2857-2874.
[18]	Mace GM, Norris K, Fitter AH (2012) Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered relationship. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27, 19-26.
[19]	McCleery RA, Moorman CE, Peterson MN (2014) Urban Wildlife Conservation. Springer, New York.
[20]	Muratet A, Fontaine B (2015) Contrasting impacts of pesticides on butterflies and bumblebees in private gardens in France. Biological Conservation, 182, 148-154.
[21]	Nature Canada (2023) Bird Friendly City: A Certification Program. http://www.naturecanada.ca/defend-nature/how-you-help-us-take-action/bfc/#aboutprogram. (accessed on 2023-03-29)
[22]	Robertson BA, Rehage JS, Sih A (2013) Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28, 552-560.
[23]	Shwartz A, Cosquer A, Jaillon A, Piron A, Julliard R, Raymond R, Simon L, Prévot-Julliard AC (2012) Urban biodiversity, city-dwellers and conservation: How does an outdoor activity day affect the human-nature relationship? PLoS ONE, 7, e38642.
[24]	Shwartz A, Muratet A, Simon L, Julliard R (2013) Local and management variables outweigh landscape effects in enhancing the diversity of different taxa in a big metropolis. Biological Conservation, 157, 285-292.
[25]	Soanes K, Lentini PE (2019) When cities are the last chance for saving species. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17, 225-231. DOI
[26]	Spotswood EN, Beller EE, Grossinger R, Letitia Grenier J, Heller NE, Aronson MFJ (2021) The biological deserts fallacy: Cities in their landscapes contribute more than we think to regional biodiversity. BioScience, 71, 148-160. DOI PMID
[27]	Taylor L, Maller CJ, Soanes K, Ramalho CE, Aiyer A, Parris KM, Threlfall CG (2022) Enablers and challenges when engaging local communities for urban biodiversity conservation in Australian cities. Sustainability Science, 17, 779-792.
[28]	TNC (The Nature Conservancy) (2020) A Place for Nature in Shanghai. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/asia-pacific/china/stories-in-china/habitat-garden/. (accessed on 2025-02-02)
[29]	UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program) (2021) Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Handbook on the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-98-en.pdf. (accessed on 2023-05-04)
[30]	Wan NF, Fu LW, Dainese M, Kiær LP, Hu YQ, Xin FF, Goulson D, Woodcock BA, Vanbergen AJ, Spurgeon DJ, Shen SY, Scherber C (2025) Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms. Nature Communications, 16, 1360.
[31]	Watson CJ, Carignan-Guillemette L, Turcotte C, Maire V, Proulx R (2020) Ecological and economic benefits of low-intensity urban lawn management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57, 436-446. DOI
[32]	Weimer D, Vining A (2004) Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice. Routledge, London.
[33]	Yang J (2020) Big data and the future of urban ecology: From the concept to results. Science China Earth Sciences, 63, 1443-1456.
[34]	Zhou W, Chen TZ, Rao XL, Bao ZY (2018) Plant landscape planning of urban green spaces for birds attraction and protection. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 16(1), 25-29. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[周雯, 陈拓舟, 饶显龙, 包志毅 (2018) 基于引鸟和护鸟的城市绿地植物景观营造. 中国城市林业, 16(1), 25-29.]