生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 26146.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026146

• • 上一篇    

农田土壤节肢动物eDNA在固-液-气三相中的分布特征

巩中军1*, 李为争2, 姚永生3, 左旭琦4, 武予清1, 苗进1*   

  1. 1. 河南省农业有害生物监测与防控重点实验室, 农业农村部华北南部有害生物综合治理重点实验室, 河南省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 郑州 450002 

    2. 河南农业大学植物保护学院, 郑州 450002 

    3. 塔里木大学农学院, 新疆阿拉尔 843300 

    4. 河南云飞科技发展有限公司, 郑州 450003

  • 收稿日期:2026-04-21 修回日期:2026-06-10 接受日期:2026-07-23 出版日期:2026-07-20
  • 通讯作者: 巩中军
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2024YFD1400802); 河南省农业科学院基本科研业务费专项(2026ZC69); 河南省自然科学基金(242301420138, 232301420114); 河南省农业科学院科技创新团队专项(2024TD18)

Distribution characteristics of arthropod eDNA in the solid, liquid, and gas phases of farmland soil

Zhongjun Gong1*, Weizheng Li2, Yongsheng Yao3, Xuqi Zuo4, Yuqing Wu1, Jin Miao1*   

  1. 1 Henan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pest Monitoring and Management, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Southern North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China 

    2 College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China 

    3 College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Aral, Xinjiang 843300, China 

    4 Henan Yunfei Technology Development Co. LTD, Zhengzhou 450003, China

  • Received:2026-04-21 Revised:2026-06-10 Accepted:2026-07-23 Online:2026-07-20
  • Contact: Zhongjun Gong
  • Supported by:
    the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD1400802); Basal Research Funds of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2026ZC69); Natural Science Foundation of Henan(242301420138, 232301420114); the Science and Technology Innovation Team project of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2024TD18)

PDF (PC)

13

摘要： 环境DNA宏条形码技术为土壤节肢动物多样性评估提供了新的手段。土壤节肢动物eDNA可存在于土壤固相、气相和液相中，但不同相态中的eDNA是否对应不同生态位或行为类型的物种群体，尚不清楚。研究以8种作物田土壤为对象，分别采用土壤直接提取法（direct soil extraction，SOL，代表固相）、空气滤膜法（air filtration，AIR，代表气相）和水过滤法（water filtration，WAT，代表液相）提取三种相态的eDNA，结合高通量测序技术分析节肢动物群落组成，旨在揭示土壤节肢动物eDNA在固、液、气三相中的分布特征。结果表明，三种采样方法的α多样性指数无显著差异，但β多样性存在极显著差异。置换多元方差分析（PERMANOVA）表明，三种采样方法下土壤节肢动物群落结构具有极显著差异（R²=0.2816，P=0.001），采样方法可解释群落组成28.16%的变异。主坐标分析（PCoA）进一步显示，三种方法的样本在空间上明显分离，各自聚集为不同的类群。SOL法捕获的OTU数量最为丰富（3,314个），高于AIR法（1,023个）和WAT法（871个）。在科水平上，SOL法对等节跳虫科等土壤底栖类群检出优势明显；WAT法中摇蚊科相对丰度最高（部分样本超过95%）；AIR法对金龟子科等类群的检出效率更有优势。天敌类群中，隐翅虫科和舞虻科在三种方法中均有检出，而蟹蛛科和卵形蛛科仅在SOL法中检出。网络分析显示，SOL与AIR、SOL与WAT的比较呈相似模式，SOL方法节点周围聚集大量OTU簇；而AIR与WAT的比较中，高丰度OTU多为方法特异性。等级发生曲线分析表明，SOL法检测到的物种数量最多（169个），分布最均匀；WAT法居中（113个）；AIR法最少（83个），以少数优势类群为主。本研究明确了eDNA在土壤固相、气相、液相中的分布与节肢动物的生态位和行为类型密切相关，呈现明显的分布异质性。固相法（SOL）对土壤底栖类群及多种天敌类群的检出效果稳定且覆盖广泛；气相法（AIR）在双翅目、金龟子科等类群的检出上更具优势；液相法（WAT）则对摇蚊科等湿生类群的富集特征尤为明显。针对农田土壤生物多样性评估，建议以SOL法为基础。若研究重点为双翅目或鞘翅目等特定类群，可在SOL法基础上补充AIR法；若研究涉及摇蚊科等偏好湿生环境的类群，则需额外加入WAT法。本研究为理解eDNA在土壤生态系统中的空间分布特征及农田土壤动物多样性监测方法筛选与组合优化提供科学依据。

关键词: 环境DNA, 土壤节肢动物, 农田生态系统, 生物多样性监测, DNA宏条形码技术

Abstract

Aims: Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding technology provides a novel approach for assessing soil arthropod diversity. This study aimed to compare the performance of three eDNA sampling methods for detecting soil arthropod. 

Methods: Soil samples were collected from eight crop fields. Three eDNA sampling methods were employed: direct soil extraction (SOL), air filtration (AIR), and water filtration (WAT). Arthropod community composition was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. 

Results: No significant differences in alpha diversity were observed among the three methods; however, beta diversity differed significantly. The results of PERMANOVA indicated extremely significant differences in soil arthropod community structures among the three sampling methods (R² = 0.2816, P = 0.001). The sampling method accounted for 28.16% of the total variation in community composition. Furthermore, PCoA showed that samples from the three methods were distinctly separated along the ordination plot, forming three obvious clusters. SOL detected the highest number of OTUs (3,314), followed by AIR (1,023) and WAT (871). At the family level, SOL showed a clear advantage in detecting soil-dwelling groups such as Isotomidae; WAT exhibited the highest relative abundance of Chironomidae (exceeding 95% in some samples); AIR demonstrated superior detection efficiency for Scarabaeidae. Among natural enemy groups, Staphylinidae and Empididae were detected in all three methods, and Thomisidae and Oonopidae were detected only by SOL. Network analysis revealed dense OTU clusters around SOL nodes in SOL vs. AIR and SOL vs. WAT comparisons, while in the AIR vs. WAT comparison, high-abundance OTUs were largely method-specific. Rank occurrence curves indicated that SOL detected the most species (169) with the most even distribution, followed by WAT (113) and AIR (83), with AIR dominated by a few abundant species. 

Conclusions: This study clarifies that the distribution of eDNA in the solid, gaseous, and liquid phases of soil is closely related to the ecological niche and behavioral types of arthropods, exhibiting significant distributional heterogeneity. SOL provides stable and broad-spectrum detection for soil-dwelling groups and various natural enemy taxa. AIR shows advantages in detecting groups such as Diptera and Scarabaeidae. WAT is particularly effective in enriching taxa like Chironomidae that prefer moist environments. For biodiversity assessment of farmland soil, the SOL method is recommended as the foundation. If the research focuses on specific taxa such as Diptera or Coleoptera, the AIR method can be added as a supplement to SOL. If the study involves taxa that prefer moist environments, such as Chironomidae, the WAT method should be additionally incorporated. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the spatial distribution characteristics of eDNA in soil ecosystems and for the selection and optimization of methods for monitoring soil animal diversity in agricultural fields.

Key words: environmental DNA, soil arthropods, agroecosystem, biodiversity monitoring, DNA metabarcoding

备案号：京ICP备16067583号-7
Copyright © 2026 版权所有 《生物多样性》编辑部
地址: 北京香山南辛村20号, 邮编：100093
电话: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn