自然保护地和生态保护红线生物多样性与气候变化风险源的协同治理框架

doi:10.17520/biods.2025492

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 25492. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025492 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025492

自然保护地和生态保护红线生物多样性与气候变化风险源的协同治理框架

华方圆¹^,^*()(), 刘双祺¹(), 彭杨靖²(), 龚善星¹(), 申小莉³, 金崑²^,^*()

¹ 北京大学城市与环境学院生态研究中心, 北京 100871
² 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所, 北京 100091
³ 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化重点实验室, 北京 100093

收稿日期:2025-12-11 接受日期:2026-02-25 出版日期:2026-06-20 发布日期:2026-07-31
通讯作者: *共同通讯作者 E-mail: fhua@pku.edu.cn; jk2002@caf.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0802300);国家自然科学基金(U2571212);国家自然科学基金(32471731)

A framework for synergistically addressing the risk sources of biodiversity loss and climate change in protected areas and Ecological Conservation Redlines

Fangyuan Hua¹^,^*()(), Shuangqi Liu¹(), Yangjing Peng²(), Shanxing Gong¹(), Xiaoli Shen³, Kun Jin²^,^*()

¹ Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
² Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
³ Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China

Received:2025-12-11 Accepted:2026-02-25 Online:2026-06-20 Published:2026-07-31
Contact: *Co-authors for correspondence. E-mail: fhua@pku.edu.cn; jk2002@caf.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0802300);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2571212);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471731)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 生物多样性丧失与气候变化是当前全球面临的两大环境挑战, 且两者之间存在紧密联系, 迫切需要通过基于自然的解决方案(nature-based solutions, NbS)协同应对。作为我国开展生态保护工作、实现“30 × 30”目标的重要空间单元, 自然保护地和生态保护红线在这两大危机的协同治理方面具有重要潜力, 但其当前的管理与规划体系在此方面的设计仍显薄弱。本文基于适应性管理理念, 构建了一个“风险源识别–协同治理–成效评估”的闭环框架, 以NbS为路径实现生物多样性与气候变化风险源的协同治理。具体而言, 该框架将风险源划分为4类: (1)导致自然生态系统丧失与退化的因素; (2)阻碍生态系统恢复的因素; (3)不可持续的生产管理方式; (4)关键地块有效保护的缺失, 并提出从生态系统保护、恢复、可持续管理及空间格局优化4条路径来开展协同治理。该框架为在全球变化背景下提升自然保护地和生态保护红线协同治理的长期成效提供了方法支撑, 有望助力我国对《生物多样性公约》和《联合国气候变化框架公约》的协同履约。

关键词: 生物多样性, 气候变化, 自然保护地, 生态保护红线, 基于自然的解决方案(NbS)

Abstract

Background: Biodiversity loss and climate change constitute two of the most pressing global environmental challenges, characterized by tightly coupled drivers and reinforcing feedbacks, and therefore demand synergistic responses grounded in nature-based solutions (NbS). In China, protected areas and Ecological Conservation Redlines possess substantial potential for synergistically addressing the risk sources of biodiversity loss and climate change, especially under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the push toward the “30 × 30” target. However, the existing management and planning systems remain insufficiently articulated to support such practices, highlighting an urgent need for more concrete, operational guidelines and integrated tools.

Results: This study proposes an innovative framework based on the concept of adaptive management, establishing a closed-loop process of “risk source identification–synergistically addressing–effectiveness evaluation”. This framework identified four categories of biodiversity loss and climate change risk sources: (1) factors causing loss and degradation of natural ecosystems; (2) factors impeding ecosystem recovery; (3) unsustainable production and management practices; and (4) lack of effective protection for key sites. Correspondingly, four specific NbS pathways were proposed to address these risk sources: protecting natural ecosystems, restoring degraded ecosystems, sustainably managing human-dominated production landscapes, and optimizing the spatial pattern of protected area and Ecological Conservation Redline networks.

Prospects: The effective implementation of this framework hinges on addressing two critical prerequisites: institutional coordination for cross-jurisdictional landscape planning and capacity building for local managers. With these enabling conditions in place, the framework can equip policymakers and practitioners to synergistically achieve biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and climate adaptation. Looking ahead, our framework has the potential to support China’s coordinated implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, while offering valuable insights for the international community.

Key words: biodiversity, climate change, protected areas, Ecological Conservation Redlines, nature-based solutions

华方圆, 刘双祺, 彭杨靖, 龚善星, 申小莉, 金崑 (2026) 自然保护地和生态保护红线生物多样性与气候变化风险源的协同治理框架. 生物多样性, 34, 25492. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025492.

Fangyuan Hua, Shuangqi Liu, Yangjing Peng, Shanxing Gong, Xiaoli Shen, Kun Jin (2026) A framework for synergistically addressing the risk sources of biodiversity loss and climate change in protected areas and Ecological Conservation Redlines. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25492. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025492.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025492

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I6/25492

图/表 2

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风险源类别 Risk source category	具体形式 Specific form	相应的NbS路径 Corresponding NbS pathways
导致自然生态系统丧失与退化的因素 Factors causing loss and degradation of natural ecosystems	(1)土地利用改变: 人类对自然生态系统所在土地的侵占、改变或利用 (1) Land use change: Conversion, alteration, or utilization of lands supporting natural ecosystems	保护、恢复 Protection, restoration
	(2)过度利用: 人类对野生动植物不可持续的采伐、采摘、盗猎 (2) Over-exploitation: Unsustainable harvesting, collecting, or poaching of wild plants and animals
	(3)其他: 其他人类活动干扰、外来种入侵、污染、各类人为或自然灾害 (3) Others: Other anthropogenic disturbances, invasive alien species, pollution, and various human-induced or natural disasters
阻碍生态系统恢复的因素 Factors impeding ecosystem recovery	土壤退化、种源缺乏、其他适宜的非生物或生物条件缺乏 Soil degradation, lack of propagule sources, and absence of other suitable abiotic or biotic conditions	恢复 Restoration
不可持续的生产管理方式 Unsustainable production and management practices	过度施用农药化肥、破坏土壤、欠缺污染处理机制、过度放牧或捕捞 Excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers, soil disturbance, lack of pollution control measures, overgrazing, or overfishing	可持续管理 Sustainable management
关键地块有效保护的缺失 Lack of effective protection for key sites	在当前或未来气候情境下, 现有自然保护地和生态保护红线网络对高保护价值地块的覆盖不足, 或其连通性较差 The existing network of protected areas and Ecological Conservation Redlines currently, or under future climate scenarios, fails to sufficiently cover sites of high conservation value, or lacks adequate connectivity	空间格局优化 Spatial optimization

风险源类别 Risk source category	具体形式 Specific form	相应的NbS路径 Corresponding NbS pathways
导致自然生态系统丧失与退化的因素 Factors causing loss and degradation of natural ecosystems	(1)土地利用改变: 人类对自然生态系统所在土地的侵占、改变或利用 (1) Land use change: Conversion, alteration, or utilization of lands supporting natural ecosystems	保护、恢复 Protection, restoration
	(2)过度利用: 人类对野生动植物不可持续的采伐、采摘、盗猎 (2) Over-exploitation: Unsustainable harvesting, collecting, or poaching of wild plants and animals
	(3)其他: 其他人类活动干扰、外来种入侵、污染、各类人为或自然灾害 (3) Others: Other anthropogenic disturbances, invasive alien species, pollution, and various human-induced or natural disasters
阻碍生态系统恢复的因素 Factors impeding ecosystem recovery	土壤退化、种源缺乏、其他适宜的非生物或生物条件缺乏 Soil degradation, lack of propagule sources, and absence of other suitable abiotic or biotic conditions	恢复 Restoration
不可持续的生产管理方式 Unsustainable production and management practices	过度施用农药化肥、破坏土壤、欠缺污染处理机制、过度放牧或捕捞 Excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers, soil disturbance, lack of pollution control measures, overgrazing, or overfishing	可持续管理 Sustainable management
关键地块有效保护的缺失 Lack of effective protection for key sites	在当前或未来气候情境下, 现有自然保护地和生态保护红线网络对高保护价值地块的覆盖不足, 或其连通性较差 The existing network of protected areas and Ecological Conservation Redlines currently, or under future climate scenarios, fails to sufficiently cover sites of high conservation value, or lacks adequate connectivity	空间格局优化 Spatial optimization

自然保护地和生态保护红线生物多样性与气候变化风险源的协同治理框架

A framework for synergistically addressing the risk sources of biodiversity loss and climate change in protected areas and Ecological Conservation Redlines

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