降水格局对北方温带草原土壤微食物网结构的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2022208

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12): 22208. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022208

所属专题：土壤生物与土壤健康

降水格局对北方温带草原土壤微食物网结构的影响

肖宇珊¹, 杨昌娆¹, 郑国¹, 武鹏峰¹, 张士秀², 崔淑艳¹^,^*()

1.沈阳师范大学生命科学学院, 沈阳 110034
2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所黑土农业生态重点实验室, 长春 130012

收稿日期:2022-04-21 接受日期:2022-07-14 出版日期:2022-12-20 发布日期:2022-08-08
通讯作者: *E-mail: cui.shu.yan@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(31970410);辽宁省重点研发计划项目(2018103004);辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2002083);辽宁省自然科学基金(2020-BS-150)

Effects of precipitation regime on the structure of soil micro-food web in the grassland of northern China

Yushan Xiao¹, Changrao Yang¹, Guo Zheng¹, Pengfeng Wu¹, Shixiu Zhang², Shuyan Cui¹^,^*()

1. College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034
2. Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012

Received:2022-04-21 Accepted:2022-07-14 Online:2022-12-20 Published:2022-08-08
Contact: *E-mail: cui.shu.yan@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球气候变化背景下, 降水格局发生改变, 呈现降水总量不变, 但降水强度增加、降水频率降低的趋势, 影响了地下生态系统的结构和功能。土壤微食物网作为地下生态系统的重要组成部分, 在驱动生态系统多功能性方面起着重要作用。降水格局的变化能够通过土壤微食物网的改变对生态系统产生影响。然而, 以往研究多关注于降水量的变化对微食物网的影响, 降水格局变化对其影响的研究较少。因此, 本研究在内蒙古温带草原开展连续8年的降水添加控制试验(控制降水总量不变, 降水频率及强度改变), 包括5个降水强度处理(2 mm、5 mm、10 mm、20 mm和40 mm), 通过磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)确定微生物含量, 高通量测序法(16S和ITS)确定微生物多样性及群落结构, 线虫形态学鉴定确定线虫群落组成及结构。结果表明在降水总量不变降水强度改变的背景下, 高降水强度(20 mm)促进了北方温带草原真菌含量的增长, 适度降水强度(10 mm)促进了微生物的多样性。而线虫的多度随着降水强度的增加而增大, 中高降水强度下线虫多样性最高。土壤微食物网的变化进一步影响了生态系统多功能性, 主要通过提高真菌生物量、食真菌线虫多度和线虫多样性, 从而提高了生态系统多功能性。

关键词: 降水强度, 降水频率, 土壤微生物, 土壤线虫, 生态系统多功能性

Abstract

Aims: Due to global climate change, precipitation regimes in arid and semi-arid regions are exhibiting a trend of increase in rainfall intensity with a reduction in frequency. These changes in precipitation patterns can affect belowground communities and ecosystem functions. However, previous studies mainly focused on the effects of precipitation amounts on soil micro-food web, the changes of precipitation intensity and frequency on soil micro-food web were relatively few, especially in ecosystem function.
Methods: We performed a field experiment initiated in 2012 to examine the effects of changes in the precipitation regime (i.e. precipitation intensity: 2 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, and 40 mm). Microbial communities were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and high throughput sequencing (16S and ITS). The composition and structure of the nematode community was determined by morphological identification.
Results: Different precipitation intensities significantly affected soil fungal PLFA, which was highest under the 20 mm treatment. Furthermore, fungal diversity had different responses to precipitation intensity treatment. The abundance of nematodes in each trophic group responded differently to precipitation intensity, and the abundance of bacterivores increased monotonically with the increase in precipitation intensity (P = 0.012). The abundance of fungivores (P < 0.001) and plant parasites (P = 0.046) were both significantly higher in medium (10 mm), high (20 mm) and extrem precipitation intensities (40 mm) than in low precipitation intensities (2 mm and 5 mm). Different precipitation intensities significantly affected soil nematode diversity. All the diversity indices were the highest under medium and high-intensity precipitation (10 mm or 20 mm). The soil nematode community composition was similar between moderate precipitation intensity (10 mm) and extreme precipitation intensity (40 mm). Changes in precipitation patterns increased soil water content, fungal PLFA, and fungivore diversity, thus improving ecosystem multifunction.
Conclusion: High precipitation intensity promoted fungal PLFA in the northern temperate steppe, while moderate precipitation intensity promoted microbial diversity. The abundance of nematodes increased with precipitation intensity, and the diversity of nematodes was highest under moderate and high precipitation intensity. The changes in soil micro-food web further affected ecosystem multifunction, mainly through increasing fungal biomass, abundance of fungivores nematodes, and nematode diversity.

Key words: precipitation intensity, precipitation frequency, soil microbial community, soil nematode community, ecosystem multifunctionality

肖宇珊, 杨昌娆, 郑国, 武鹏峰, 张士秀, 崔淑艳 (2022) 降水格局对北方温带草原土壤微食物网结构的影响. 生物多样性, 30, 22208. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022208.

Yushan Xiao, Changrao Yang, Guo Zheng, Pengfeng Wu, Shixiu Zhang, Shuyan Cui (2022) Effects of precipitation regime on the structure of soil micro-food web in the grassland of northern China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22208. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022208.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022208

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I12/22208

图/表 7

图1 北方典型草地试验地点及其样方设计(a)和降水添加处理设计简图(b)。云上的数字代表降水频率。

Fig. 1 Collection site and experimental design in a typical northern grassland (a) and setup of precipitation intensity levels (b). The numbers on clouds represent the frequency of precipitation.

表1 草地生态系统的功能指标及其重要性

Table 1 Grassland ecosystem functional indicators and their importance

生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions	单位 Unit	重要性 Importance
地上生物量 Aboveground biomassg/m² 植物丰富度 Plant richness		为食草动物提供必要的营养 Providing essential nutrients for herbivores (Binder et al, 2018)
地下生物量 Belowground biomass	g/m²	支持地下生态系统过程的关键功能 A key function to support belowground ecosystem processes (Wagg et al, 2014)
土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon	g/kg	为植物提供养分、保障土壤肥力水平以及促进团聚体的形成 Providing nutrients for plants, maintaining soil fertility levels and promoting the formation of aggregates (Pan et al, 2009; Castellano et al, 2015)
土壤总氮 Soil total nitrogen	g/kg
土壤总磷 Soil total phosphorus	g/kg
土壤微生物量碳 Soil microbial biomass carbon	mg/kg	反映土壤质量和微生物活动的动态 Reflecting the dynamics of soil quality and microbial activity (Powlson et al, 1987)
土壤微生物量氮 Soil microbial biomass nitrogen	mg/kg
碱解氮 Available nitrogen	mg/kg	衡量土壤供氮能力, 反映土壤氮素有效性 Measuring soil nitrogen supply capacity and reflecting soil nitrogen availability (Huhe et al, 2016)
铵态氮 Ammoniacal nitrogen	mg/kg
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen	mg/kg

图2 降水强度对微生物主要功能群磷脂脂肪酸含量及多样性的影响(平均值 ± 标准误)。不同小写字母表示不同降水强度处理间差异显著(LSD tests, P < 0.05), 下同。

Fig. 2 The effects of precipitation intensity on PLFAs and microbial diversity (mean ± SE). Means with different letters indicate significant difference among different precipitation intensities (LSD tests, P < 0.05).

图3 降水强度对线虫多度及多样性的影响(平均值 ± 标准误)。图中不同小写字母表示某一营养类群在不同降水强度处理间差异显著(LSD tests, P < 0.05)。Op: 捕食/杂食线虫; Pp: 植物性线虫; Fu: 食真菌线虫; Ba: 食细菌线虫。

Fig. 3 The effects of precipitation intensity on the abundance and diversity of soil nematodes (mean ± SE). Means with different letters in (a) indicate significant difference of a certain trophic group among different precipitation intensities (LSD tests, P < 0.05). Op, Omnivores/predators; Pp, Plant parasites; Fu, Fungivores; Ba, Bacterivores.

图4 降水强度对土壤微生物群落(a)和线虫群落(b)的影响

Fig. 4 The effects of precipitation intensity on soil microbial community (a) and nematode community (b)

表2 北方典型草地生态系统多功能性(EMF)和EMF各组成部分对降水强度的响应

Table 2 Responses of ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) and each component of EMF to different precipitation intensities in a typical northern grassland

	降水强度 Precipitation intensity
	2 mm	5 mm	10 mm	20 mm	40 mm
生态系统多功能指数 EMF	-0.22 ± 0.21^b	0.26 ± 0.02^ab	- 0.81 ± 0.48^b	0.51 ± 0.19^a	0.28 ± 0.30^ab
地上生物量 AGB	124.67 ± 13.19^b	177.18 ± 17.49^a	162.37 ± 9.64^ab	173.16 ± 14.90^a	195.41 ± 6.89^a
地下生物量 BGB	222.18 ± 14.57^b	356.76 ± 28.33^a	173.24 ± 33.99^b	279.45 ± 35.81^ab	229.40 ± 33.17^b
植物丰富度 Richness	6.50 ± 0.07^b	7.56 ± 0.08^ab	7.58 ± 0.11^ab	8.00 ± 0.00^a	8.17 ± 0.87^a
土壤有机碳 SOC	15.06 ± 0.40^a	15.77 ± 0.25^a	14.05 ± 0.62^a	15.62 ± 0.56^a	15.63 ± 0.71^a
土壤全氮 TN	1.59 ± 0.05^a	1.67 ± 0.02^a	1.51 ± 0.09^a	1.64 ± 0.06^a	1.66 ± 0.06^a
土壤全磷 TP	0.18 ± 0.01^a	0.17 ± 0.01^a	0.15 ± 0.01^a	0.17 ± 0.01^a	0.16 ± 0.01^a
土壤微生物量碳 MBC	177.91 ± 25.26^a	161.99 ± 19.29^a	151.56 ± 0.481^a	181.46 ± 14.80^a	174.46 ± 15.39^a
土壤微生物量氮 MBN	14.36 ± 2.93^a	11.59 ± 2.12^a	10.06 ± 1.60^a	12.82 ± 2.65^a	10.47 ± 1.55^a
碱解氮 AN	243.88 ± 35.52^a	200.38 ± 44.57^a	134.31 ± 13.47^b	200.81 ± 22.91^a	181.56 ± 15.18^a
铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N	5.56 ± 0.29^a	5.55 ± 0.17^a	5.50 ± 0.20^a	6.54 ± 0.61^a	5.71 ± 0.32^a
硝态氮 NO₃^--N	2.70 ± 0.65^a	3.91 ± 0.73^a	2.67 ± 0.79^a	1.54 ± 0.35^a	2.42 ± 0.52^a

图5 降水格局变化下土壤微食物网与生态系统多功能性关系的结构方程模型。χ2 = 27.375, df = 21, P = 0.352, CFI = 0.910, GFI = 0.880, RMSEA = 0.054。R2表示可被该模型解释的方差, 箭头上的数字表示标准化路径系数。实线箭头表示该路径在P < 0.05水平显著, 虚线箭头表示该路径不显著。

Fig. 5 The structural equation modeling for relationships between micro-food web and ecosystem multifunctionality under precipitation regime changes. χ2 = 27.375, df = 21, P = 0.352, CFI = 0.910, GFI = 0.880, RMSEA = 0.054. R2 indicates the variance explained by the model. Numbers on arrows are standardized path coefficients. The solid line arrow indicates that the path is significant at the P < 0.05 level, dashed arrows indicate non-significant paths.

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降水格局对北方温带草原土壤微食物网结构的影响

Effects of precipitation regime on the structure of soil micro-food web in the grassland of northern China

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