青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系

doi:10.17520/biods.2020401

生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (6): 780-789. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020401

所属专题：青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

• 研究报告: 生态系统多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系

张丛林¹, 褚梦真², 张慧智³, 乔海娟⁴, 黄宝荣¹^,^*()

1.中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
2.中国人民大学环境学院, 北京 100872
3.北京市农林科学院, 北京 100097
4.南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室, 南京 210029

收稿日期:2020-10-14 接受日期:2021-02-02 出版日期:2021-06-20 发布日期:2021-05-28
通讯作者: 黄宝荣
作者简介:* E-mail: huangbaorong@casisd.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(71503245)

Evaluation indicator system for the recreational sustainability management of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster

Conglin Zhang¹, Mengzhen Chu², Huizhi Zhang³, Haijuan Qiao⁴, Baorong Huang¹^,^*()

1 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
2 School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872
3 Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097
4 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029

Received:2020-10-14 Accepted:2021-02-02 Online:2021-06-20 Published:2021-05-28
Contact: Baorong Huang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建立游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系, 对于引导青藏高原国家公园群科学规划与建设、推行游憩可持续性管理、规范市场主体和访客的行为、保护当地重要而脆弱的生态环境极为重要。本研究在对国家公园群潜在建设区科学考察的基础上, 以需求为导向, 分析国家公园群对游憩可持续性管理评估指标的需求; 以全球共识为导向, 分析《全球可持续旅游目的地标准》在国家公园群的适用性; 以经验为导向, 梳理世界主要国家国家公园群游憩可持续性的管理重点; 在此基础上, 建立了青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系。所建立的指标体系包括制度建设、经济、社会、文化、生态环境5个一级指标, 15个二级指标, 34个三级指标。所提出的评估指标体系具有区域特色, 以及代表性、系统性与务实性特征。国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系的应用需要得到监测、统计体系的有力支撑, 而国家公园群潜在建设区相关领域基础普遍薄弱, 为了更好地应用游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系, 建议完善监测、统计体系。一方面, 需要优先加强对各国家公园潜在建设区访客数量、珍稀特有物种、水环境质量、植被覆盖率、文化遗产原真性和完好度等方面的监测工作; 另一方面, 需要优先加强对各国家公园潜在建设区访客属性、访客满意度、当地社区满意度、游憩对当地经济社会发展的贡献、游憩废弃物处理率等方面的统计工作。

关键词: 青藏高原, 国家公园群, 游憩, 可持续性, 评估, 指标

Abstract

Aims: The establishment of an evaluation indicator system of recreational sustainability management is extremely important for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster to guide scientific planning and construction, promote recreational sustainability management, regulate the behaviors of market subjects and visitors, and protect the important and fragile ecological environment.

Methods: Based on scientific investigation of the potential construction area of national park cluster, taking demands as orientation, the demand of national park cluster for recreational sustainability management evaluation indicator is analyzed. Guided by global consensus, the applicability of Global Sustainability Tourism Criteria for Destinations in national park cluster is discussed. Guided by experience, the management emphases of recreational sustainability of national parks in major countries is summarized.

Results: The recreational sustainability management evaluation indicator system for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster has been established, including five first-level indicators of system construction, economy, society, culture and ecological environment, 15 second-level indicators and 34 third-level indicators.

Conclusion & suggestions: The recreational sustainability management evaluation indicator system for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster has regional, representative, systematic and pragmatic characteristics. The application of the Recreational Sustainability Management Evaluation Indicator System for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster needs to be supported by monitoring and statistical systems. However, the foundation of these two fields in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster is relatively weak. In order to apply the evaluation indicator system of recreational sustainability management, it is suggested to improve related monitoring and statistics systems. On the one hand, priority should be given to monitoring number of visitors, rare and endemic species, water environment quality, vegetation coverage, authenticity, and integrity of cultural heritage in the national park cluster potential construction area. On the other hand, it is necessary to give priority to strengthen the statistical work on the visitor attributes, visitors' satisfaction, local community satisfaction, the contribution of recreation to local economic and social development, and the waste disposal rate of recreation.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, national park cluster, recreation, sustainability, evaluation, indicator

张丛林, 褚梦真, 张慧智, 乔海娟, 黄宝荣 (2021) 青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系. 生物多样性, 29, 780-789. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020401.

Conglin Zhang, Mengzhen Chu, Huizhi Zhang, Haijuan Qiao, Baorong Huang (2021) Evaluation indicator system for the recreational sustainability management of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster. Biodiversity Science, 29, 780-789. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020401.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020401

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I6/780

图/表 2

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评估领域 Evaluation field	评估指标 Evaluation indicator	适用性判定标准 Applicability criteria									指标适用性 Indicator applicability
评估领域 Evaluation field	评估指标 Evaluation indicator	E1	E2	E3	E4		E5			E6	指标适用性 Indicator applicability
(A)目的地可持续的营运表现 Demonstrate sustainable destination management	(A1)旅游战略 Tourism strategy	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(A2)旅游管理组织 Tourism management organization	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(A3)监测体系 Monitoring	√	√							√	○
	(A4)应对气候变化 Climate change adaptation	√	√	√						√	○
	(A5)景观资源普查 Inventory of attraction sites	√	√				√			√	○
	(A6)规划法规体系 Planning regulations	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(A7)满足不同人群的可进入性条件 Access for all										×
	(A8)所有权的获得与保障 Property acquisitions										×
	(A9)游客满意度监测与改进 Tourist satisfaction	√	√	√							○
	(A10)可持续性水平的提高 Sustainability standards			√	√		√			√	×
	(A11)旅游安全设施与措施 Safety and security	√	√								○
	(A12)危机预防与应急救援 Crisis and emergency preparedness and response	√	√	√			√			√	○
	(A13)宣传促销 Promotion	√		√	√						?
(B)当地社区的可持续性水平的提高社会/经济效益最大化/负面影响最小化 Maximize economic benefits to the host community and minimize negative impacts	(B1)经济发展监测 Economic monitoring	√	√	√	√						○
	(B2)居民就业机会 Local career opportunities	√	√		√						○
	(B3)利益相关者的参与机制 Stakeholder participation	√		√	√		√			√	?
	(B4)当地社区民意 Local community opinion	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(B5)当地居民的进入与访问权利 Local access	√	√				√			√	○
	(B6)提升可持续旅游意识 Tourism awareness				√		√			√	×
	(B7)反对剥削 Preventing exploitation										×
	(B8)支持社区发展 Support for community	√	√	√	√						○
	(B9)支持本土企业与公平贸易 Supporting local entrepreneurs and fair trade	√	√	√	√						○
(C)游客体验/文化传承/遗产保护效益最大化/负面影响最小化 Maximize benefits to communities, visitors, and cultural heritage and minimize negative impacts	(C1)旅游吸引物保护 Attraction protection	√	√				√			√	○
	(C2)游客管理 Visitor management	√	√				√			√	○
	(C3)游客行为指南 Visitor behavior	√	√				√			√	○
	(C4)文化遗产保护 Cultural heritage protection	√	√				√				○
	(C5)景区景点解说 Site interpretation	√	√				√			√	○
	(C6)知识产权 Intellectual property			√			√				×
	(C7)游客参与可持续发展 Visitor contributions				√		√			√	×
(D)环境效益最大化/负面影响最小化 Maximize benefits to the environment and minimize negative impacts	(D1)环境风险评估与处置 Environmental risks	√	√						√		○
	(D2)脆弱环境保护 Protection of sensitive environments	√	√						√		○
	(D3)野生物种保护 Wildlife protection	√	√					√	√		○
	(D4)温室气体减排 Greenhouse gas emissions								√		×
	(D5)节约能源 Energy conservation								√		×
	(D6)水资源管理与供需保障 Water management and security	√	√	√		√			√		○
	(D7)水质监测 Water quality	√	√						√		○
	(D8)废水管理 Wastewater	√	√						√		○
	(D9)固体废弃物减排 Solid waste reduction	√	√						√		○
	(D10)噪音与光污染控制 Light and noise pollution	√	√						√		○
	(D11)降低交通的负面影响 Low impact transport	√	√						√		○

评估领域 Evaluation field	评估指标 Evaluation indicator	适用性判定标准 Applicability criteria									指标适用性 Indicator applicability
评估领域 Evaluation field	评估指标 Evaluation indicator	E1	E2	E3	E4		E5			E6	指标适用性 Indicator applicability
(A)目的地可持续的营运表现 Demonstrate sustainable destination management	(A1)旅游战略 Tourism strategy	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(A2)旅游管理组织 Tourism management organization	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(A3)监测体系 Monitoring	√	√							√	○
	(A4)应对气候变化 Climate change adaptation	√	√	√						√	○
	(A5)景观资源普查 Inventory of attraction sites	√	√				√			√	○
	(A6)规划法规体系 Planning regulations	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(A7)满足不同人群的可进入性条件 Access for all										×
	(A8)所有权的获得与保障 Property acquisitions										×
	(A9)游客满意度监测与改进 Tourist satisfaction	√	√	√							○
	(A10)可持续性水平的提高 Sustainability standards			√	√		√			√	×
	(A11)旅游安全设施与措施 Safety and security	√	√								○
	(A12)危机预防与应急救援 Crisis and emergency preparedness and response	√	√	√			√			√	○
	(A13)宣传促销 Promotion	√		√	√						?
(B)当地社区的可持续性水平的提高社会/经济效益最大化/负面影响最小化 Maximize economic benefits to the host community and minimize negative impacts	(B1)经济发展监测 Economic monitoring	√	√	√	√						○
	(B2)居民就业机会 Local career opportunities	√	√		√						○
	(B3)利益相关者的参与机制 Stakeholder participation	√		√	√		√			√	?
	(B4)当地社区民意 Local community opinion	√	√	√	√		√			√	○
	(B5)当地居民的进入与访问权利 Local access	√	√				√			√	○
	(B6)提升可持续旅游意识 Tourism awareness				√		√			√	×
	(B7)反对剥削 Preventing exploitation										×
	(B8)支持社区发展 Support for community	√	√	√	√						○
	(B9)支持本土企业与公平贸易 Supporting local entrepreneurs and fair trade	√	√	√	√						○
(C)游客体验/文化传承/遗产保护效益最大化/负面影响最小化 Maximize benefits to communities, visitors, and cultural heritage and minimize negative impacts	(C1)旅游吸引物保护 Attraction protection	√	√				√			√	○
	(C2)游客管理 Visitor management	√	√				√			√	○
	(C3)游客行为指南 Visitor behavior	√	√				√			√	○
	(C4)文化遗产保护 Cultural heritage protection	√	√				√				○
	(C5)景区景点解说 Site interpretation	√	√				√			√	○
	(C6)知识产权 Intellectual property			√			√				×
	(C7)游客参与可持续发展 Visitor contributions				√		√			√	×
(D)环境效益最大化/负面影响最小化 Maximize benefits to the environment and minimize negative impacts	(D1)环境风险评估与处置 Environmental risks	√	√						√		○
	(D2)脆弱环境保护 Protection of sensitive environments	√	√						√		○
	(D3)野生物种保护 Wildlife protection	√	√					√	√		○
	(D4)温室气体减排 Greenhouse gas emissions								√		×
	(D5)节约能源 Energy conservation								√		×
	(D6)水资源管理与供需保障 Water management and security	√	√	√		√			√		○
	(D7)水质监测 Water quality	√	√						√		○
	(D8)废水管理 Wastewater	√	√						√		○
	(D9)固体废弃物减排 Solid waste reduction	√	√						√		○
	(D10)噪音与光污染控制 Light and noise pollution	√	√						√		○
	(D11)降低交通的负面影响 Low impact transport	√	√						√		○

管理方面 Management field	重点指标 Key indicators	国家数 No. of countries
经济 Economy (MA)	(1)游憩基础设施完整性 Integrity of recreational infrastructures	4
	(2)访客到访量 The number of visitors	4
	(3)访客可进入性(公路、铁路建设) Visitor accessibility (highway and railway)	8
社会 Society (MB)	(1)多方参与(政府机构、社区团体、私营组织、非政府组织、公众等) Multi party participation (government organizations, community groups, private organizations, NGOs, the public, etc.)	9
	(2)公众教育 Public education	3
文化 Culture (MC)	(1)文化遗产保护(预防访客对原住民圣地、洞窟岩画的破坏) Cultural heritage protection (preventing visitors from damaging aboriginal holy sites and cave rock paintings)	3
生态环境 Ecological environment (MD)	(1)生物多样性 Biodiversity	5
生态环境 Ecological environment (MD)	(2)野生动物数量 The number of wild animals	5
	(3)环境教育 Environmental education	4
制度建设 System construction (ME)	(1)法律法规建设 Construction of laws and regulations	6
制度建设 System construction (ME)	(2)完善管理体制 Management system improvement	3

管理方面 Management field	重点指标 Key indicators	国家数 No. of countries
经济 Economy (MA)	(1)游憩基础设施完整性 Integrity of recreational infrastructures	4
	(2)访客到访量 The number of visitors	4
	(3)访客可进入性(公路、铁路建设) Visitor accessibility (highway and railway)	8
社会 Society (MB)	(1)多方参与(政府机构、社区团体、私营组织、非政府组织、公众等) Multi party participation (government organizations, community groups, private organizations, NGOs, the public, etc.)	9
	(2)公众教育 Public education	3
文化 Culture (MC)	(1)文化遗产保护(预防访客对原住民圣地、洞窟岩画的破坏) Cultural heritage protection (preventing visitors from damaging aboriginal holy sites and cave rock paintings)	3
生态环境 Ecological environment (MD)	(1)生物多样性 Biodiversity	5
生态环境 Ecological environment (MD)	(2)野生动物数量 The number of wild animals	5
	(3)环境教育 Environmental education	4
制度建设 System construction (ME)	(1)法律法规建设 Construction of laws and regulations	6
制度建设 System construction (ME)	(2)完善管理体制 Management system improvement	3

青藏高原国家公园群游憩可持续性管理评估指标体系

Evaluation indicator system for the recreational sustainability management of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster

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