野生药用动物资源蚯蚓(地龙)的市场现状及可持续利用对策

doi:10.17520/biods.2022478

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 22478. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022478

野生药用动物资源蚯蚓(地龙)的市场现状及可持续利用对策

赵晶晶¹^,^*(), 贾海彬², 李添明¹^,³^,^*()

1.中山大学生命科学学院, 水产动物疫病防控与健康养殖全国重点实验室, 广州 510275
2.天地云图医药信息(广州)公司, 广州 510308
3.中山大学生态学院, 广州 510006

收稿日期:2022-08-21 接受日期:2022-09-27 出版日期:2023-03-20 发布日期:2023-01-18
通讯作者: 赵晶晶,李添明
作者简介:zhaojj37@mail2.sysu.edu.cn
* E-mail: leetm@mail.sysu.edu.cn;
基金资助:
海外高层次人才计划(41180944);海外高层次人才计划(41180953);广东省财政厅局级人才项目(42150016)

Market status and the sustainable utilization strategy of wild earthworm (earth dragon) for medicinal use

Jingjing Zhao¹^,^*(), Haibin Jia², Tien Ming Lee¹^,³^,^*()

1 School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275
2 Tiandiyuntu Chinese Medicinal Materials (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510308
3 School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006

Received:2022-08-21 Accepted:2022-09-27 Online:2023-03-20 Published:2023-01-18
Contact: Jingjing Zhao,Tien Ming Lee

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蚯蚓(地龙)是一种常见的动物类中药资源, 在心脑血管等疾病的治疗中具有较高的药用价值。近年来, 为大量获取野生蚯蚓, 高效获取蚯蚓的方式“电击”法应运而生, 但过度攫取可能会威胁蚯蚓的野外生存。为了解“电击”蚯蚓存在的潜在威胁和影响, 本文利用1998年2月至2022年7月的地龙市场价格数据及2004‒2021年的市场供应量和需求量数据, 分析了地龙市场价格的波动规律及其与供应、需求间的关系, 并通过贝叶斯结构时间序列模型探究了“电击”蚯蚓对供应量和价格的影响。结果表明: (1)自1998年以来, 地龙价格整体呈上升态势, 具有一定的季节性波动规律, 截至2022年产新季地龙干重价格涨至175元/kg; (2)地龙市场价值逐年增加, 目前价格偏离价值, 市场处于不稳定状态; (3) 2013年“电击”法推广后, 与未进行“电击法”推广的预测结果相比较, 在控制需求的情况下, 地龙供应量显著增加, 市场价格显著下降。相较于未进行“电击法”推广的预测结果, 供应量的平均值相对增加40%, 价格相对下降44%。为加强我国野生动物资源的保护与可持续利用, 强烈建议加快建立野生药用动物资源的市场监测预警机制, 强化野生药用动物资源市场秩序整顿和规范, 并通过市场与政策相互协调将可持续性融入野生药用动物资源利用的全过程。

关键词: 药用资源, 价格, 供需, 保护利用, 可持续性

Abstract

Aim: Earthworm (also known as earth dragon) is a commonly used animal traditional Chinese medicine resource. It has high medicinal value, particularly for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In the recent decade, “electric shocking” methods using electric earthworm machines have been used to increase the harvesting yield of wild earthworms. While such a method can improve harvesting efficiency, it may be unsustainable, threatening wild earthworm populations and negatively affecting soil habitats. This paper aims to analyze the potential effect of “electric shocking” on the national earth dragon market.

Methods: We used the largest national dataset on market price (1998.2‒2022.7), the market supply (2004‒2021) and the market demand (2004‒2021) to analyze market characteristics and their relationships. To better understand the potential effect of “electric shocking” on the national earth dragon market, we used Bayesian structural time-series models to analyze the impact of “electric shocking” on supply quantity and market price.

Results: Our results showed that: (1) From 1998 to 2022, the price of earth dragons has been on the rise, with seasonal fluctuations, and the highest price attained was 175 yuan/kg; (2) The market value of earth dragons increased yearly, but the current price appeared to be below the commodity value, thus the market was in an unstable state; (3) Even after controlling for market demand, compared with the predicted results without the popularization of the “electric shocking” methods, the popularization of the “electric shocking” harvesting methods in 2013 had significantly increased the supply quantity of earth dragons, yet the market price had decreased significantly. The average supply has increased by 40% prior to 2013, however the market price has decreased by 44%.

Suggestions: We strongly recommend that the pharmaceutical management department does the following: (1) accelerating the establishment of a market monitoring and early warning mechanism for wild medicinal animal resources; (2) strengthening the rectification and standardization of the market regulations, and (3) integrating sustainability evaluation for the trade of wild animal medicine.

Key words: medicinal resources, price, supply and demand, conservation and utilization, sustainability

赵晶晶, 贾海彬, 李添明 (2023) 野生药用动物资源蚯蚓(地龙)的市场现状及可持续利用对策. 生物多样性, 31, 22478. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022478.

Jingjing Zhao, Haibin Jia, Tien Ming Lee (2023) Market status and the sustainable utilization strategy of wild earthworm (earth dragon) for medicinal use. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22478. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022478.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022478

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I3/22478

图/表 4

图1 1998?2022年地龙市场价格时间序列分析。A: 地龙市场价格时间序列分解; B: 去趋势后地龙价格季节性波动规律。

Fig. 1 Time series analysis of earth dragons (earthworms) market price between 1998 and 2022. (A) Decomposition of the market price time series of earth dragons (earthworms); (B) The seasonal fluctuation of earth dragons price after detrending analysis.

图2 2004?2021年间地龙市场供需变化特征和供需曲线分析。A: 2004?2021年间地龙市场价格、供需变化特征; B?H: 不同年份的供需曲线。图B?H中, 供应曲线与需求曲线交汇的点为均衡价格。

Fig. 2 The characteristics of earth dragons (earthworms) price, supply and demand changes and analysis of supply and demand curves from 2004 to 2021. (A) The characteristics of earth dragons (earthworms) supply and demand changes during 2004?2021; (B?H) Supply-demand curves during different year duration. In Figures B?H, the points are the equilibrium price, which is the intersection of the supply curve and the demand curve.

图3 “电击”法获取地龙对供应量和市场价格的影响。A: 在控制需求的情况下对供应量的影响; B: 在控制需求和供应的情况下对价格的影响; C: 在控制需求的情况下对价格的影响; D: 2004?2021年地龙各产区供应量变化; E: 2004?2021年地龙各产区间供应量占比变化。A, B和C: 第一张图(Original)中实线为“电击”法推广前后的实际结果, 虚线是根据实际结果进行反事实推断“电击”法未推广的模型预测值, 阴影区域为95%的置信区间; 第二张图(Pointwise)虚线为第一张图中的实际观测值与预测值(假如未实施“电击”法的模型预测)之间的差值; 第三张图(Cumulative)虚线为第二张图中差值的累积值, 反映“电击”法推广后的累计影响。

Fig. 3 The effect of using “electric shocking” methods to harvest earthworm on supply quantity and market price. (A) The effect of harvest on supply (A) after controlling the demand variable; The effect of harvest on market price (B) after controlling for demand and supply and (C) after controlling for demand; (D) The supply changes of earth dragons across various main provinces from 2004 to 2021; (E) The proportion changes of supply of earth dragons across various main provinces from 2004 to 2021. For Figures A, B, and C: In the top panel row, the solid line represents the original value, while the dotted line represents the predicted value based on the original results for the counterfactual prediction (i.e., if the “electric shocking” methods was not popularized), and the shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval. The middle panel row is the difference value between the original value and predicted value in the upper panel. The bottom panel row is the sum of the values of the middle panel, reflecting a plot of the cumulative effect of the “electric shocking” methods.

表1 “电击”法获取地龙对供应量和市场价格影响的后验推论

Table 1 Posterior inference of impacts on supply quantity and market price

模型名称 Model name	模型1 Model 1		模型2 Model 2		模型3 Model 3
响应变量 Response variable	供应 Supply quantity (t)		价格 Price (yuan/kg)		价格 Price (yuan/kg)
控制变量 Control variable	需求量 Demand quantity		供应量与需求量 Supply & demand quantity		需求量 Demand quantity
控制变量 Control variable	平均 Average	累计 Cumulative	平均 Average	累计Cumulative	平均 Average	累计Cumulative
平均实际值 Actual	1,205	9,643	119	836	119	836
平均预测值(标准差) Prediction (SD)	858 (203)	6,866 (1,621)	183 (42)	1,281 (294)	214 (42)	1,496 (292)
95%置信区间 CI	[458, 1,270]	[3,662, 10,158]	[99, 265]	[691, 1,856]	[132, 299]	[921, 2,091]
绝对效应(标准差) Absolute effect (SD)	347 (203)	2,778 (1,621)	?63 (42)	?444 (294)	?94 (42)	?659 (292)
95%置信区间 CI	[?64, 748]	[?515, 5,981]	[?146, 21]	[?1,019, 145]	[?179, ?12]	[?1,255, ?85]
相对效应(标准差) Relative effect (SD)	40% (24%)	40% (24%)	?35% (23%)	?35% (23%)	?44% (20%)	?44% (20%)
95%置信区间 CI	[?7.5%, 87%]	[?7.5%, 87%]	[?80%, 11%]	[?80%, 11%]	[?84%, ?5.7%]	[?84%, ?5.7%]
后验尾区概率 P Posterior tail-area probability P	0.04		0.07		0.01
因果影响的后验概率 Posterior probability of a causal effect	95.6%		93.0%		99.7%

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野生药用动物资源蚯蚓(地龙)的市场现状及可持续利用对策

Market status and the sustainable utilization strategy of wild earthworm (earth dragon) for medicinal use

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