基于Global Forest Watch观察2000-2013年间中国森林变化

doi:10.17520/biods.2015122

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

了解森林的变化, 是评价生物多样性变化趋势和制订有效保护行动的基础, 也是公共政策及广大公众普遍关心的议题, 然而国内一直都没有可供空间分析的森林分布及变化的公开数据。Hansen等于2013年在Global Forest Watch网站上发布了基于Landsat数据的30 m分辨率的全球森林变化数据集, 第一次提供给研究者一套高分辨率的公开数据。我们解读了2000-2013年的数据, 并与已有的国家森林清查、ChinaCover、GlobeLand30等数据集进行比较。结果表明, Global Forest Watch数据质量可靠, 其与GlobeLand30数据集的森林分布有较高的空间重合度, 后者森林类别的生产者精度为87%, 用户精度为89%。在大于20%的树木覆盖度下, 估算出2000年森林面积为1,780,472 km², 与同期国家森林清查数据1,749,092 km²相近, 解读结果表明2000-2010年间森林减少面积在37,551-42,031 km²之间, 而同期其他几套数据显示森林面积增量为2,370-433,810 km²。森林面积年减少量最大值出现在2008年, 以该年为拐点, 森林每年减少面积的变化趋势在此之前为显著增加, 在此之后为显著降低, 林地变化最活跃的区域在广西、广东、福建、江西和云南等南方省份。到2013年底, 占保护区总面积约60%以上的407个国家级保护区仅覆盖了森林面积的5.03%, 对森林保护的面积覆盖有限, 保护区对其内部的森林保护有成效, 区内森林面积净减1.39%, 低于全国平均水平(3.46%), 相当于少毁林1,856 km², 但仍有1,200 km²的净减。

关键词: Global Forest Watch, 数据质量, 森林变化, 保护区, 中国

Abstract

Knowing the status and changes in forests is essential for evaluating biodiversity dynamics and making effective conservation action plans. It is also essential knowledge for public awareness and policy. However, before Hansen and his colleagues published the Global Forest Watch (GFW) data online in 2013, there were no datasets of forest distribution and changes publicly available in China. GFW data was produced using Landsat satellite images, grants free access to the general public to study forest changes at 30 m resolutions, and spans a period from 2000 to 2013. We interpreted this dataset and compared results with other datasets, including the National Forest Inventory, ChinaCover and GlobeLand30. Results show that GFW dataset has reliable accuracy, as its forest distribution highly overlaps with GlobeLand30, which has a producer accuracy of 87%, and a user accuracy of 89% within the forest category. With similar forest definitions of tree cover >20%, the total forest area is 1,780,472 km² in the year 2000, similar to the National Forest Inventory’s forest area of 1,749,092 km². While other datasets show forest increases between 2,370-433,810 km²during 2000-2010, GFW identified a net forest loss of 37,551-42,031 km² in China. 2008 is a turning point of forest loss, as the area of annual forest loss has a rising trend before, and a declining trend afterwards. The southern provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi and Yunnan have the most active forest changes. Forest coverage from nature reserves is insufficient, as by the end of 2013, 407 national level nature reserves, occupying more than 60% of China’s total nature reserve area, covered only 5.03% of total forest area. However, nature reserves have positive outcomes, with reduced forest loss (1.39%), compared to the national average rate (3.46%). This is equivalent to reducing deforestation by 1,856 km², but there is still an overall net loss of 1,200 km² inside nature reserves.

Key words: Global Forest Watch, data quality, forest change, nature reserve, China

王昊, 吕植, 顾垒, 闻丞 (2015) 基于Global Forest Watch观察2000-2013年间中国森林变化. 生物多样性, 23, 575-582. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015122.

Hao Wang, Zhi Lü, Lei Gu, Cheng Wen (2015) Observations of China’s forest change (2000-2013) based on Global Forest Watch dataset. Biodiversity Science, 23, 575-582. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015122.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2015122

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2015/V23/I5/575

图/表 6

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Global Forest Watch 树木覆盖度类别 Global Forest Watch tree cover category	与GlobeLand 30土地覆盖类型重合百分比 Overlap with GlobeLand 30 Land Cover Category (%)
	森林 Forest	农田 Cultivated land	草原 Grass	灌丛 Shrub	湿地 Wetland	水体 Water bodies	永久冰雪 Permanent snow & ice	人工覆盖 Artificial surfaces	荒地 Bare land
> 0	78.97	11.48	8.05	0.77	0.08	0.23	0.05	0.30	0.06
> 20%	83.94	7.99	6.95	0.75	0.05	0.14	0.04	0.08	0.06
> 50%	89.24	4.56	5.31	0.65	0.02	0.09	0.03	0.03	0.06
> 75%	92.93	2.59	3.73	0.58	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.02	0.06

Global Forest Watch 树木覆盖度类别 Global Forest Watch tree cover category	与GlobeLand 30土地覆盖类型重合百分比 Overlap with GlobeLand 30 Land Cover Category (%)
	森林 Forest	农田 Cultivated land	草原 Grass	灌丛 Shrub	湿地 Wetland	水体 Water bodies	永久冰雪 Permanent snow & ice	人工覆盖 Artificial surfaces	荒地 Bare land
> 0	78.97	11.48	8.05	0.77	0.08	0.23	0.05	0.30	0.06
> 20%	83.94	7.99	6.95	0.75	0.05	0.14	0.04	0.08	0.06
> 50%	89.24	4.56	5.31	0.65	0.02	0.09	0.03	0.03	0.06
> 75%	92.93	2.59	3.73	0.58	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.02	0.06

序号 No.	数据集 Dataset	数据时段 Data acquired	森林面积 Area of forest (km²)
序号 No.	数据集 Dataset		2000	2010	变化面积 Area of change	变化比例 Ratio of change
1	Global Forest Watch	2000	1,780,472	1,738,441 ~1,742,921*	-42,031 ~ -37,551	-2.4% ~ -2.1%
2	中国土地覆盖 (ChinaCover)	2000, 2010	2,562,600	2,582,600	+20,000	+0.7%
3	第六次和第八次森林清查** The 6^th& 8^thNational Forestry Inventory	1999-2003; 2009-2013	1,749,092	2,076,900	+327,808	+18.7%
4	FAO全球森林评估 FAO: Forest Resource Assessment (FRA2000, FRA2010)	2000, 2010	1,634,800	2,068,610	+433,810	+26.5%

序号 No.	数据集 Dataset	数据时段 Data acquired	森林面积 Area of forest (km²)
序号 No.	数据集 Dataset		2000	2010	变化面积 Area of change	变化比例 Ratio of change
1	Global Forest Watch	2000	1,780,472	1,738,441 ~1,742,921*	-42,031 ~ -37,551	-2.4% ~ -2.1%
2	中国土地覆盖 (ChinaCover)	2000, 2010	2,562,600	2,582,600	+20,000	+0.7%
3	第六次和第八次森林清查** The 6^th& 8^thNational Forestry Inventory	1999-2003; 2009-2013	1,749,092	2,076,900	+327,808	+18.7%
4	FAO全球森林评估 FAO: Forest Resource Assessment (FRA2000, FRA2010)	2000, 2010	1,634,800	2,068,610	+433,810	+26.5%

树木覆盖范围 Tree cover category	2000年面积 Area of 2000	增加 Gain	减少 Loss	增加减少均有 Gain & loss
0	7,514,170	10,477	2,592	271
1-10%	117,308	615	375	21
11-20%	132,098	813	753	34
21-30%	125,214	564	718	28
31-40%	109,584	607	1,017	40
41-50%	204,849	1,080	3,452	131
51-60%	303,083	1,186	5,594	291
61-70%	245,611	944	7,796	419
71-80%	296,325	1,428	12,018	910
81-90%	351,104	2,536	23,634	2,312
91-99%	114,292	1,025	7,023	1,023
100%	30,410	0	369	0
合计 Total	9,544,047	21,276	65,341	5,480
覆盖度>20%合计 Total of tree cover > 20%	1,780,472		61,622