自然保护区生物多样性抵消价值实现的理论框架与运行机制

doi:10.17520/biods.2025241

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 25241. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025241 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025241

• 生物多样性保护融资与企业参与专题 • 上一篇下一篇

自然保护区生物多样性抵消价值实现的理论框架与运行机制

黎明¹, 秦响玲¹, 朱玉茹¹, 熊文²^,^*()

1.湖北工业大学经济与管理学院, 武汉 430068
2.湖北工业大学土木建筑与环境学院, 武汉 430068

收稿日期:2025-06-25 接受日期:2025-12-01 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-02-03
通讯作者: 熊文
基金资助:
国家社会科学基金(13BJY016);教育部人文社会科学研究项目(17YJC790176);国际合作项目(WWFPO3050);湖北商务服务发展中心开放基金重点项目(2017Z001);湖北省社科联思想库项目(HBSXK201612);湖北省教育厅人文社科项目(19Y043);中华环境保护基金会项目(ZXKY20250044)

Theoretical framework and operational mechanisms of value realization in biodiversity offsetting for nature reserves

Ming Li¹, Xiangling Qin¹, Yuru Zhu¹, Wen Xiong²^,^*()

1 School of Economics and Management, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
2 School of Civil Engineering Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China

Received:2025-06-25 Accepted:2025-12-01 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-02-03
Contact: Wen Xiong
Supported by:
National Social Science Fund of China(13BJY016);Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Ministry of Education(17YJC790176);International Cooperation Project(WWFPO3050);Key Project of Open Fund of Hubei Business Service Development Center(2017Z001);Think Tank Project of Hubei Provincial Social Science Association(HBSXK201612);Humanities and Social Sciences Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(19Y043);Project of China Environmental Protection Foundation(ZXKY20250044)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在公共财政主导的自然保护区制度体系下, 生物多样性抵消作为一种自然资产市场化工具, 为解决保护与发展的资金困境提供了创新路径。本文基于自然资本理论与制度经济学的分析框架, 系统探究了生物多样性抵消的理论基础与运行机制, 旨在揭示生物多样性抵消市场构建的内在逻辑与实施路径, 助力构建自然保护区持续运维机制与长效发展策略。研究表明, 生物多样性抵消机制作为平衡保护与发展的市场化工具, 已发展成为自然资产具现的重要途径, 并在全球范围内形成了可供借鉴的实践框架; 通过构建自然保护区的生物多样性抵消运行机制可以有效推进生物多样性抵消产品的价值实现。因此, 自然保护区的生物多样性抵消价值实现可以依托科学的成本效益分析体系, 聚焦于生物多样性抵消产品开发与交易体系的构建, 推动生物多样性抵消与自然保护区发展的深度融合。

关键词: 自然保护区, 生物多样性抵消, 理论框架, 运行机制

Abstract

Background & Aims Within nature reserves governed by a public finance-dominated institutional framework, biodiversity offsetting has emerged as a market-based instrument that offers an innovative solution to the persistent funding tension between conservation and development. Drawing on the analytical perspectives of natural capital theory and institutional economics, this study systematically examines the theoretical foundations and operational mechanisms of biodiversity offsetting. The objective is to clarify the internal logic and practical pathways for establishing biodiversity offsetting markets, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable operational models and long-term strategies for nature reserves.

Methods This study employed an integrated analytical framework that combines natural capital theory with institutional economics to systematically explore the theoretical underpinnings and operational mechanisms of biodiversity offsetting.

Results: The findings indicated that biodiversity offsetting, as a market-based instrument for reconciling conservation and development objectives, had evolved into a critical pathway for the monetization of natural assets and had provided valuable reference frameworks for international practice. The establishment of biodiversity offsetting mechanisms within nature reserves can effectively promote the realization of value from biodiversity offsetting products.

Conclusion: The realization of biodiversity offsetting value in nature reserves can be achieved through the application of robust scientific cost-benefit analysis frameworks, the targeted development of biodiversity offsetting products, and the construction of dedicated trading platforms. Moreover, fostering the deep integration of biodiversity offsetting mechanisms with the sustainable development goals of nature reserves is essential for ensuring their long-term viability.

Key words: nature reserves, biodiversity offsetting, theoretical framework, operational mechanisms

黎明, 秦响玲, 朱玉茹, 熊文 (2026) 自然保护区生物多样性抵消价值实现的理论框架与运行机制. 生物多样性, 34, 25241. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025241.

Ming Li, Xiangling Qin, Yuru Zhu, Wen Xiong (2026) Theoretical framework and operational mechanisms of value realization in biodiversity offsetting for nature reserves. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25241. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025241.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025241

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I1/25241

图/表 9

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Box 1 生物多样性抵消实践
项目名称	项目地点	项目目的	项目内容	项目收益
德文郡生物多样性抵消试点项目	英格兰德文郡	测试生物多样性抵消系统的可行性和有效性, 为政策制定提供依据	通过恢复和保护当地生态系统来补偿开发活动的负面影响, 项目实施效果采用生物多样性危害情况与减缓可能性数字评分进行	35个政策生物多样性抵消试点项目累计创收60万英镑 (Taherzadeh & Howley, 2018)
Elsie Gridley 缓解银行	美国加利福利亚州索拉诺县	为临时池塘草甸和溪流栖息地及相关联的几种稀有、受威胁和濒危物种提供场外缓解机会	保护和恢复了众多湿地和临时池塘, 并为加州虎螈(Ambystoma californiense)、蝌蚪虾、仙女虾等多种特殊生态物种提供栖息地	当前拥有超过607 ha的陆地和水体信用(RES, 2025)
Warkworth 煤矿生物多样性补偿项目	澳大利亚新南威尔士州的猎人谷	抵消煤矿扩建对周边生物多样性造成的负面影响	在场外建立生物多样性补偿区域, 如保护特定栖息地来抵消煤矿扩建对生物多样性的影响, 同时制定生物多样性管理计划	Warkworth煤矿扩建共产生了31,700个生态系统生物多样性信用额度和37,293个物种生物多样性信用额度(Yancoal Australia, 2025)
RTQMM 抵消项目	马达加斯加东南部阿诺西地区	抵消钛矿开采对濒危森林和狐猴栖息地的影响	保护红树林和低地雨林; 资助社区森林管理计划	保护6,000 ha森林, 稳定狐猴种群(Gastauer et al., 2024)
Kuamut 热带雨林计划	马来西亚沙巴州	通过保护和恢复森林来实现生物多样性抵消	通过重新分类将项目区域从生产林(Ⅱ类森林)改为严格保护的Ⅰ类森林, 消除商业砍伐的威胁, 并确保森林能够再生	保护了83,381 ha的热带森林(Permian Global, 2025)
卡拉加斯国家森林 S11D Eliezer Batista 铁矿生物多样性抵消项目	巴西帕拉州	实现采矿活动对生物多样性造成的损失与森林恢复抵消收益的平衡	实施森林恢复活动, 包括植被恢复、土壤改良等, 以恢复因采矿而退化的土地, 提高生物多样性种群的生物值	在公司管理区域内实现了379个生物多样性信用单位收益(Koh et al., 2019)

Box 1 生物多样性抵消实践
项目名称	项目地点	项目目的	项目内容	项目收益
德文郡生物多样性抵消试点项目	英格兰德文郡	测试生物多样性抵消系统的可行性和有效性, 为政策制定提供依据	通过恢复和保护当地生态系统来补偿开发活动的负面影响, 项目实施效果采用生物多样性危害情况与减缓可能性数字评分进行	35个政策生物多样性抵消试点项目累计创收60万英镑 (Taherzadeh & Howley, 2018)
Elsie Gridley 缓解银行	美国加利福利亚州索拉诺县	为临时池塘草甸和溪流栖息地及相关联的几种稀有、受威胁和濒危物种提供场外缓解机会	保护和恢复了众多湿地和临时池塘, 并为加州虎螈(Ambystoma californiense)、蝌蚪虾、仙女虾等多种特殊生态物种提供栖息地	当前拥有超过607 ha的陆地和水体信用(RES, 2025)
Warkworth 煤矿生物多样性补偿项目	澳大利亚新南威尔士州的猎人谷	抵消煤矿扩建对周边生物多样性造成的负面影响	在场外建立生物多样性补偿区域, 如保护特定栖息地来抵消煤矿扩建对生物多样性的影响, 同时制定生物多样性管理计划	Warkworth煤矿扩建共产生了31,700个生态系统生物多样性信用额度和37,293个物种生物多样性信用额度(Yancoal Australia, 2025)
RTQMM 抵消项目	马达加斯加东南部阿诺西地区	抵消钛矿开采对濒危森林和狐猴栖息地的影响	保护红树林和低地雨林; 资助社区森林管理计划	保护6,000 ha森林, 稳定狐猴种群(Gastauer et al., 2024)
Kuamut 热带雨林计划	马来西亚沙巴州	通过保护和恢复森林来实现生物多样性抵消	通过重新分类将项目区域从生产林(Ⅱ类森林)改为严格保护的Ⅰ类森林, 消除商业砍伐的威胁, 并确保森林能够再生	保护了83,381 ha的热带森林(Permian Global, 2025)
卡拉加斯国家森林 S11D Eliezer Batista 铁矿生物多样性抵消项目	巴西帕拉州	实现采矿活动对生物多样性造成的损失与森林恢复抵消收益的平衡	实施森林恢复活动, 包括植被恢复、土壤改良等, 以恢复因采矿而退化的土地, 提高生物多样性种群的生物值	在公司管理区域内实现了379个生物多样性信用单位收益(Koh et al., 2019)

项目 Program	信用形式 Credit type	单位价格 Unit price	时间跨度 Duration
生物银行 BioBanking (澳大利亚 Australia)	生态系统信用; 物种信用 Ecosystem credits; species credits	2,500-9,500澳元 AUD 2,500-9,500	永久保护 Permanent protection
生物多样性补偿计划 Biodiversity Offsets Scheme (澳大利亚 Australia)	原生植被信用(NVCs); (栖息地、大型老树、新植株) Native vegetation credits (NVCs); (habitat, large old trees, new plantings)	栖息地: 20,000-40,000澳元; 大型老树: 20,000-40,000澳元; 新植株: 500-2,300澳元 Habitat: AUD 20,000-40,000; large old trees: AUD 20,000-40,000; new plantings: AUD 500-2,300	永久保护 Permanent protection
缓解银行 Conservation Banking (美国 United States)	栖息地或物种单位 Habitat or species units	2,500-300,000美元 USD 2,500-300,000	永久保护 Permanent protection
湿地和溪流缓解银行 Wetland and Stream Mitigation Banking (美国 United States)	湿地抵消信用; 溪流抵消信用 Wetland mitigation credits; stream mitigation credits	湿地: 3,000-653,000美元; 溪流: 15-700美元 Wetlands: USD 3,000-653,000; Streams: USD 15-700	永久保护 Permanent protection

项目 Program	信用形式 Credit type	单位价格 Unit price	时间跨度 Duration
生物银行 BioBanking (澳大利亚 Australia)	生态系统信用; 物种信用 Ecosystem credits; species credits	2,500-9,500澳元 AUD 2,500-9,500	永久保护 Permanent protection
生物多样性补偿计划 Biodiversity Offsets Scheme (澳大利亚 Australia)	原生植被信用(NVCs); (栖息地、大型老树、新植株) Native vegetation credits (NVCs); (habitat, large old trees, new plantings)	栖息地: 20,000-40,000澳元; 大型老树: 20,000-40,000澳元; 新植株: 500-2,300澳元 Habitat: AUD 20,000-40,000; large old trees: AUD 20,000-40,000; new plantings: AUD 500-2,300	永久保护 Permanent protection
缓解银行 Conservation Banking (美国 United States)	栖息地或物种单位 Habitat or species units	2,500-300,000美元 USD 2,500-300,000	永久保护 Permanent protection
湿地和溪流缓解银行 Wetland and Stream Mitigation Banking (美国 United States)	湿地抵消信用; 溪流抵消信用 Wetland mitigation credits; stream mitigation credits	湿地: 3,000-653,000美元; 溪流: 15-700美元 Wetlands: USD 3,000-653,000; Streams: USD 15-700	永久保护 Permanent protection

一级指标 Primary indicator	二级指标 Secondary indicator	三级指标 Tertiary indicator	参考来源 Reference
生态系统结构与功能Ecosystem structure and function	生态系统类型与面积 Ecosystem type and area	生态系统类型匹配度(如森林、湿地等) Ecosystem type equivalence (e.g. forests, wetlands)	IUCN, 2016
	生态系统类型与面积 Ecosystem type and area	补偿区与受影响区的面积比 Area ratio between offset site and impacted site	Maron et al., 2018
	生态系统质量 Ecosystem quality	植被覆盖度与群落结构 Vegetation cover and community structure	Gardner et al., 2013
	生态系统质量 Ecosystem quality	土壤健康与水文条件 Soil health and hydrological conditions	Quétier & Lavorel, 2011
物种多样性 Species diversity	物种组成 Species composition	关键物种保护	CBD, 2022b
	物种组成 Species composition	物种丰富度与相似性 Species richness and similarity	Kessler et al., 2009
	种群动态 Population dynamics	种群数量与繁殖成功率 Population size and reproductive success	Gibbons & Lindenmayer, 2007
生态功能与服务 Ecosystem function and service	生态功能 Ecological functions	碳储存与固存 Carbon storage and sequestration	IPBES, 2019
	生态功能 Ecological functions	水文调节 Hydrological regulation	Rolls et al., 2018
	生态系统服务 Ecosystem services	人类福祉关联 Links to human well-being	MA, 2005
社会经济与治理 Socio-economic and governance	社会公平性 Social equity	社区参与与权益保障 Community participation and rights protection	Klein et al., 2015
	经济可持续性 Economic sustainability	长期资金机制 Long-term financing mechanisms	Pirard, 2012
	治理与合规性 Governance and compliance	法律合规性 Legal compliance	BBOP, 2012

自然保护区生物多样性抵消价值实现的理论框架与运行机制

Theoretical framework and operational mechanisms of value realization in biodiversity offsetting for nature reserves

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