厦门同安湾定置网捕获鱼类的多样性及营养级特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14051

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用2012年4月至2013年3月在同安湾进行的定置网渔业资源调查资料, 探讨了该海域鱼类多样性及平均营养级特征。结果表明, 周年逐月共鉴定鱼类112种, 隶属于15目53科88属。渔获物组成以沿岸小型底层鱼类为主, 其中中上层鱼类15种, 中下层鱼类18种, 底层鱼类79种; 暖水性种类84种, 暖温性种类28种, 亚热带动物区系特征明显; 杂食性鱼类8种, 低级肉食性鱼类71种, 中级肉食性鱼类30种, 高级肉食性鱼类3种, 以低级肉食性鱼类为主。中华海鲶(Tachysurus sinensis)是夏、秋、冬三季的优势种, 六指多指马鲅(Polydactylus sextarius)、锯脊塘鳢(Butis koilomatodon)和髭缟鰕虎鱼(Tridentiger barbatus)是春、冬两季的优势种。重量和尾数多样性指数最高值均在11月, 分别为3.26和3.29; 最低值均在2月, 分别为1.78和1.77。鱼类种类存在明显的季节更替现象, 其月更替率6月最低, 为40.1%; 3月最高, 达68.6%。鱼类平均营养级也存在明显的季节变化, 其中3月最低, 为3.02; 1月最高, 为3.92; 周年平均营养级为3.52。与2003年调查资料相比, 鱼类种类数明显减少, 鱼类组成和优势种发生了很大的变化, 导致变化的主要原因可能是过度捕捞、栖息地破坏和环境污染等。

关键词: 海湾, 生物多样性, 海洋食物网, 营养级

Abstract

The diversity and trophic levels of fish species in Tong’an Bay were described based on monthly set net fishing surveys from April 2012 to March 2013. A total of 112 species belonging to 88 genera, 53 families and 15 orders were recorded. According to their habitat strata, the fishes were grouped into 3 types, among them 15 species were pelagic, 18 near demersal, and 79 demersal. According to adaptation to temperature, the fishes were divided into 2 types, 84 species were warm water and the other 28 were warm-temperate species. In terms of food habits, there were 4 types, of which 8 species were omnivores, 71 lower carnivorous, 30 middle carnivorous and 3 higher carnivorous. Tachysurus sinensis was the dominant species in summer, autumn and winter, while Polydactylus sextarius, Butis koilomatodon and Tridentiger barbatus were the dominant species in spring and winter. The highest body mass and individual Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 3.26 and 3.29 in November, and the lowest values were 1.78 and 1.77 in February, respectively. The fish community showed distinct seasonal changes, with the lowest monthly change rate of fishes of 40.1% in June, and the highest was 68.6% in March. The mean trophic level also showed significant changes, the minimum was 3.02 in March, the maximum was 3.92 in January, and the average mean trophic level was 3.52. Comparing our data set with previous data from 2003-2004, we found that the species number, species composition and the dominant species in Tong’an Bay all changed significantly. Overfishing, habitat loss and environmental pollution were identified as main factors causing the decline in fish diversity in Tong’an Bay.

Key words: bay, biodiversity, marine food web, trophic level

廖建基, 郑新庆, 杜建国, 陈彬, 马志远, 胡文佳 (2014) 厦门同安湾定置网捕获鱼类的多样性及营养级特征. 生物多样性, 22, 624-629. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14051.

Jianji Liao, Xinqing Zheng, Jianguo Du*, Bin Chen, Zhiyuan Ma, Wenjia Hu (2014) Biodiversity and trophic level characteristics of fishes captured by set nets in Tong’an Bay, Xiamen. Biodiversity Science, 22, 624-629. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14051.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14051

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2014/V22/I5/624

图/表 7

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	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species
软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes 须鲨目 Orectolobiformes	1	1	1
真鲨目 Carcharhiniformes	1	1	1
鳐形目 Rajiformes	1	1	1
鲼形目 Myliobatiformes	1	1	1
辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopterygii
海鲢目 Elopiformes	1	1	1
鲱形目 Clupeiformes	2	4	6
仙女鱼目 Aulopiformes	1	2	2
鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes	4	6	8
鲇形目 Siluriformes	2	2	2
刺鱼目 Gasterosteiformes	1	1	1
鲻形目 Mugiliformes	1	3	3
鲈形目 Perciformes	28	51	65
鲉形目 Scorpaeniformes	2	4	4
鲽形目 Pleuronectiformes	4	7	10
鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes	3	3	6
合计 Total	53	88	112

	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species
软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes 须鲨目 Orectolobiformes	1	1	1
真鲨目 Carcharhiniformes	1	1	1
鳐形目 Rajiformes	1	1	1
鲼形目 Myliobatiformes	1	1	1
辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopterygii
海鲢目 Elopiformes	1	1	1
鲱形目 Clupeiformes	2	4	6
仙女鱼目 Aulopiformes	1	2	2
鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes	4	6	8
鲇形目 Siluriformes	2	2	2
刺鱼目 Gasterosteiformes	1	1	1
鲻形目 Mugiliformes	1	3	3
鲈形目 Perciformes	28	51	65
鲉形目 Scorpaeniformes	2	4	4
鲽形目 Pleuronectiformes	4	7	10
鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes	3	3	6
合计 Total	53	88	112

种类 Species	季节 Seasons				营养级 Trophic level
种类 Species	春季 Spring	夏季 Summer	秋季 Autumn	冬季 Winter	营养级 Trophic level
海鳗 Muraenesox cinereus	*				4.1
中华海鲶 Tachysurus sinensis		*	*	*	3.9
棱鮻 Liza carinata			*		2.6
褐菖鮋 Sebastiscus marmoratus		*			3.6
短吻鰏 Leiognathus brevirostris			*		3.0
短棘银鲈 Gerres limbatus			**		3.5
黄鳍棘鲷 Acanthopagrus latus	*				3.2
六指多指马鲅 Polydactylus sextarius		*		*	3.8
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii		*			3.3
黄姑鱼 Nibea albiflora				*	3.3
圆口副绯鲤 Parupeneus cyclostomus		*			3.6
花鳍副海猪鱼 Parajulis poecilepterus			*		3.4
锯脊塘鳢 Butis koilomatodon	*	*			4.0
髭缟鰕虎鱼 Tridentiger barbatus	*			*	3.2
纹缟鰕虎鱼 T. trigonocephalus				*	3.3
斑纹舌鰕虎鱼 Glossogobius olivaceus		*			3.7
犬牙细棘鰕虎鱼 Acentrogobius caninus	*				3.5
斑尾复鰕虎鱼 Synechogobius ommaturus		*			3.5
触角沟鰕虎鱼 Oxyurichthys tentacularis			*		4.2
多须拟矛尾鰕虎鱼 Parachaeturichthys polynema				*	3.1
孔鰕虎鱼 Trypauchen vagina				*	3.5
褐蓝子鱼 Siganus fuscescens			*		2.3
鲬属-种 Platycephalus sp.1	*				3.6
卵鳎 Solea ovata	*				3.5

种类 Species	季节 Seasons				营养级 Trophic level
种类 Species	春季 Spring	夏季 Summer	秋季 Autumn	冬季 Winter	营养级 Trophic level
海鳗 Muraenesox cinereus	*				4.1
中华海鲶 Tachysurus sinensis		*	*	*	3.9
棱鮻 Liza carinata			*		2.6
褐菖鮋 Sebastiscus marmoratus		*			3.6
短吻鰏 Leiognathus brevirostris			*		3.0
短棘银鲈 Gerres limbatus			**		3.5
黄鳍棘鲷 Acanthopagrus latus	*				3.2
六指多指马鲅 Polydactylus sextarius		*		*	3.8
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii		*			3.3
黄姑鱼 Nibea albiflora				*	3.3
圆口副绯鲤 Parupeneus cyclostomus		*			3.6
花鳍副海猪鱼 Parajulis poecilepterus			*		3.4
锯脊塘鳢 Butis koilomatodon	*	*			4.0
髭缟鰕虎鱼 Tridentiger barbatus	*			*	3.2
纹缟鰕虎鱼 T. trigonocephalus				*	3.3
斑纹舌鰕虎鱼 Glossogobius olivaceus		*			3.7
犬牙细棘鰕虎鱼 Acentrogobius caninus	*				3.5
斑尾复鰕虎鱼 Synechogobius ommaturus		*			3.5
触角沟鰕虎鱼 Oxyurichthys tentacularis			*		4.2
多须拟矛尾鰕虎鱼 Parachaeturichthys polynema				*	3.1
孔鰕虎鱼 Trypauchen vagina				*	3.5
褐蓝子鱼 Siganus fuscescens			*		2.3
鲬属-种 Platycephalus sp.1	*				3.6
卵鳎 Solea ovata	*				3.5

指数 Index	采样月份 Sampling month
	2012									2013
	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	1	2	3
鱼类种数 Species (S)	32	30	17	25	17	27	36	40	33	38	14	30
总尾数 Individuals (N)	110	281	36	61	118	107	236	194	157	156	74	276
尾数多样性指数 Individual Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′)	3.18	2.85	2.59	2.81	2.17	2.99	2.90	3.29	2.96	2.97	1.77	2.77
尾数均匀度指数 Individual Pielou’s evenness index (J')	0.67	0.51	0.72	0.68	0.46	0.64	0.53	0.63	0.59	0.59	0.41	0.49
丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (SR)	6.59	5.14	4.46	5.84	3.35	5.56	6.41	7.40	6.33	7.33	3.02	5.16
重量多样性指数 Body mass Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′)	1.96	2.75	2.14	2.75	2.33	2.93	2.69	3.26	2.76	2.45	1.78	2.21
重量均匀度指数 Weight Pielou’s evenness index (J')	0.42	0.49	0.60	0.67	0.49	0.63	0.49	0.62	0.55	0.48	0.41	0.39