加拿大-西北∇大西洋地区掌形藻的种群遗传结构与动态变化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09029

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探讨古气候波动(如更新世末期冰期)对典型生物的时空分布和有效种群大小变动的影响是生物地理学和进化遗传学的重要研究课题。本文利用线粒体cox2-3序列和RAPD两种分子标记, 对分布于加拿大-西北大西洋地区8个地点(共138个个体)的掌形藻(Palmaria palmata)进行谱系地理学研究, 试图阐明当更新世冰期来临时掌形藻如何衍生出适应性的进化机制, 并形成当前的地理分布格局。结果表明, 线粒体cox2-3间区序列共检测出11个单倍型, 其中1个单倍型(C3)在所有种群中都有分布, 并位于星状基因谱系的中心位置, 可认为是祖先单倍型。St. Lawrence湾内北部的两个种群多样性最高, 与其他地理种群分化最明显, 这与基于RAPD数据的STRUCTURE聚类分析结果相一致。根据掌形藻遗传多样性及其单倍型谱系结构特征, 推测掌形藻在加拿大-西北大西洋沿岸存在多个冰期避难所。分子多态性分析(AMOVA)显示掌形藻的遗传变异主要来自种群内, 而St. Lawrence湾和Fundy湾群组间的遗传变异较小。cox2-3序列的Bayesian skyline plots分析结果反映出掌形藻种群在加拿大-西北大西洋沿岸经历了轻微的种群扩张, 时间大概在0.18-0.13百万年前。St. Lawrence湾和Fundy湾群组间的K2P遗传距离为0.2%, 相应的分化时间大约在0.36百万年前。由此推测, 更新世末期的冰期及间冰期是影响掌形藻种群结构及变动的重要古气候环境因子。

关键词: Palmaria palmata, 末次盛冰期, 线粒体cox2-3, 遗传结构, 遗传多样性

Abstract

The paleoclimate change (e.g. the glacial fluctuation in the late Pleistocene) played an important role in shaping species’ population genetic structure, geographic distribution patterns, and gradient of diversity and composition. In this study, we sampled eight populations (138 individuals) of Palmaria palmata, a commercially and ecologically important red macroalga found on both sides of the North Atlantic coast, aiming to assess the genetic structure and demographic history through the integration of mitochondrial cox2-3 spacer and RAPD variation. Eleven mtDNA cox2-3 haplotypes were detected, one of which (C3) was common and located centrally in a haplotype network. It is shared by all populations and is regarded as ancestral. Two northern populations from the Gulf of St. Lawrence had highest levels of genetic diversity, and were significantly divergent from all other populations. AMOVA showed that highest genetic variation for cox2-3 occurred within populations, while less existed among groups. This was consistent with the results of a STRUCTURE clustering analysis of RAPD data. Our genetic diversity and haplotype network analyses indicated that multiple glacial refugia might have existed for the species along the Canada-north- west Atlantic coast. Furthermore, Bayesian skyline plot analysis based on cox2-3 spacer sequences indicated that population size underwent a slight increase over temporal and spatial scales. This occurred in approximately 0.18-0.13 million years ago. Pairwise genetic distance (K2P) between populations from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy was 0.2%, indicating that they diverged from their common ancestor since about 0.36 million years ago. The evidence from our study suggests that climatic oscillations during the late Pleistocene had a drastic influence on the demography and genetic diversity of P. palmatain the Canada-northwest Atlantic.

Key words: Palmaria palmata, the Last Glacial Maximum, cox2-3, genetic structure, genetic diversity

李晶晶, 张杰, 胡自民, 段德麟 (2013) 加拿大-西北∇大西洋地区掌形藻的种群遗传结构与动态变化. 生物多样性, 21, 306-314. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09029.

Jingjing Li,Jie Zhang,Zimin Hu,Delin Duan (2013) Population genetics and demographic history of red seaweed, Palmaria palmata, from the Canada-northwest Atlantic. Biodiversity Science, 21, 306-314. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09029.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09029

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2013/V21/I3/306

图/表 6

图1 掌形藻的外部形态图片。(a)掌形藻的典型栖息地环境, 常见附生于皱波角叉菜(Chondrus crispus)和齿缘墨角藻(Fucus serratus)的藻体上。于2008年拍摄自爱尔兰的Clare郡潮间带; (b)紫红色的掌形藻外部形态, 采自加拿大的Bonne Bay。

Fig. 1 Morphological characters of Palmaria palmata. (a) Living intertidal habitat of P. palmata from County Clare, Ireland in 2008. It is frequently found living on thallus of red marcroalga Chondrus crispus and brown macroalga Fucus serratus; (b) Purple morphological features of P. palmata from Bonne Bay, Canada.

表1 掌形藻8个种群的简称、位置分布、样本量(N)、单倍型个数(Nh)、单倍型种类(H)、单倍型多样性(h)及核苷酸多样性(π)

Table 1 Sampling details of eight Palmaria palmata populations, including abbreviation codes, geographic location, sample size (N), number of haplotypes (Nh), types of haplotype (H), haplotype diversity (h), and nucleotide diversity (π)

简称 Code	种群 Population	经纬度 Locality	N	N_h	H	h (SD)	π (SD)
Gulf of St. Lawrence
LA	L’Anse Amour, Canada	52.32°N, 56.60°W	25	3	C1, C2, C3	0.640 (0.052)	0.0024 (0.0020)
BB	Bonne Bay, Canada	49.51°N, 57.92°W	31	3	C1, C3, C4	0.540 (0.043)	0.0018 (0.0017)
GP	Gaspe, Canada	48.88°N, 64.50°W	11	1	C3	0.000 (0.000)	0.0000 (0.0000)
RS	Rimouski, Canada	48.47°N, 68.51°W	24	2	C3, C5	0.083 (0.075)	0.0002 (0.0005)
Bay of Fundy
MB	Maces Bay, Canada	45.11°N, 66.75°W	8	2	C3, C6	0.250 (0.180)	0.0008 (0.0011)
VB	Victoria Beach, Canada	44.69°N, 65.75°W	9	3	C3, C7, C8	0.417 (0.191)	0.0014 (0.0016)
LT	Letete, Canada	45.06°N, 66.89°W	12	2	C3, C9	0.303 (0.148)	0.0009 (0.0012)
WH	White Head, Canada	44.63°N, 66.72°W	18	3	C3, C10, C11	0.451 (0.117)	0.0015 (0.0015)

图2 掌形藻验证的线粒体cox2-3单倍型在各种群中的分布及单倍型谱系图(种群代号同表1)

Fig. 2 Distribution of mitochondrial cox2-3 haplotypes of Palmaria palmata populations and median-joining haplotype network. Population codes correspond to those in Table 1.

表2 掌形藻种群的分子多态性分析(AMOVA)。掌形藻的8个种群被分为St. Lawrence湾和Fundy湾2个群组。

Table 2 Molecular variance (AMOVA) of Palmaria palmata populations. The eight populations were clustered into two groups: the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy.

变异来源 Source of variations	自由度 d.f.	变异组成 Variance components	变异百分比 % of variation	固定指数 Fixation indices
群组间 Among groups	1	0.0409	10.12	F_CT = 0.10118^NS
种群间 Among populations within groups	6	0.1246	34.09	Fsc = 0.37928^***
种群内 Within populations	130	0.2075	55.79	F_ST = 0.44509^***

图3 基于RAPD数据的STRUCTURE种群遗传结构分析。每个竖条代表1个个体多位点基因型的组合, 不同颜色代表模拟后的聚类群。种群简称同表1。

Fig. 3 Population structuring analysis based on RAPD data with STRUCTURE. Each vertical bar indicates the multi-locus genotype of one individual, and colors represent the K virtual clusters. Population codes are the same as Table 1.

图4 掌形藻种群规模的历史变动。(a)歧点分布图(mismatch distribution), 横坐标表示序列间差异碱基数, 纵坐标表示概率, 柱状图为观测值, 曲线为种群扩张模型下的预期分布; (b) Bayesian skyline plots分析, 表示有效种群大小随时间的变动。灰色区域的上下限表示95%的HPD分析置信区间。

Fig. 4 Demographic history of Palmaria palmata. (a) Mismatch distributions of Palmaria palmata populations. The abscissa indicates the number of pairwise differences between compared sequences. The ordinate is the frequency for each value. Bars represent the observed distribution of pairwise differences, while the solid line shows the expected distribution; (b) Bayesian skyline plots show effective population size as a function of time. The upper and lower limits of grey trend represent the 95% confidence intervals of higher probability density (HPD) analysis.

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