人为干扰下西洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化及冬季水鸟的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.11090

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了研究人类干扰对湿地生态系统造成的影响, 作者采用1996年12月4日TM遥感影像和2013年1月1日环境小卫星遥感影像, 对西洞庭湖土地利用/覆被变化(land-use and land-cover change, LUCC)和景观格局变化进行了分析, 并基于实地调查分析了西洞庭湖恢复湿地、片断化自然湿地和人工杨树林3种现有典型生境中水鸟群落结构和多样性的差异。LUCC和景观格局分析表明, 与1996年相比, 2013年西洞庭湖湖区杨树(Populus spp.)林面积增加了9倍, 芦苇(Phragmites australis)面积增加了30.6%, 水域、草滩、泥滩地等天然湿地面积分别减少了46.4%、49.8%和39.8%。湿地生境改变、破碎化严重, 景观破碎度指数(landscape fragmentation index, LFI)从1.239上升到2.897。3种典型生境中越冬水鸟的种群结构、数量及分布特征表明, 恢复湿地是当前部分越冬水鸟的主要栖息场所, 但水鸟群落结构简单, 多样性指数较低(H'=1.866); 自然湿地因严重破碎化, 面积变小, 水鸟数量较少, 但多样性指数较高(H'=2.118), 且是黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)等珍稀濒危物种的栖息地; 杨树林的种植改变了原有自然湿地景观, 仅发现水鸟1种2只, 说明其已不适宜水鸟栖息。本研究表明, 西洞庭湖湿地景观的改变、生境破碎化导致其生物多样性降低, 杨树种植对自然湿地的侵占是西洞庭湖湿地生态系统退化的主要原因, 在今后的湿地管理中应严格控制杨树林产业的发展, 并逐渐将人工杨树林恢复为自然湿地。

关键词: 西洞庭湖, 湿地, 人为干扰, 景观格局, 生境破碎化, 水鸟群落

Abstract

To understand human impact on a wetland ecosystem, we analyzed the land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) and also changes to landscape pattern between 1996 and 2013, at West Dongting Lake (WDL), China. For this purpose, we examined remote sensing data and conducted field studies to compare community structure and diversity of waterbirds in three typical habitats: restored wetland, fragmented natural wetland and poplar plantation. Our results showed that the area used for poplar plantation increased 9 times from 1996 to 2013, while the area occupied by reed marsh increased by 30.6%. In contrast, areas of natural wetland, open water, and wet meadow/mudflat, were reduced by 46.4%, 49.8%, and 39.8%, respectively. The WDL wetland ecosystem was significantly fragmented and degraded over the same period as shown by an increase in landscape fragmentation index from 1.239 in 1996 to 2.897 in 2013. Comparisons of populations, species and distribution of waterbirds among three habitats showed. (1) Restored wetland provided habitat for several wintering waterbirds allowing a broader population distribution, but at the same time a simpler community structure with lower biodiversity (H'=1.866). (2) Fragmented natural wetland provided habitat for diverse wintering birds, including rare and endangered black stork (Ciconia nigra) and Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus), thus rising the Shannon-Wiener index (H'=2.118) for the bird community in this type of habitat, although waterbird population numbers remained low. (3) Poplar plantation was, in general, not suitable for waterbirds with only two individuals of one species observed in this habitat during the field survey period. In conclusion, landscape pattern change and habitat fragmentation reduced biodiversity at WDL with the planting of poplar trees being the key driver of wetland ecosystem degradation. For future management, forestation should be restricted while restoration of natural wetland should be a high priority.

Key words: West Dongting Lake, wetland, human disturbance, landscape pattern, habitat fragmentation, waterbird community

刘云珠, 史林鹭, 朵海瑞, 彭波涌, 吕偲, 朱轶, 雷光春 (2013) 人为干扰下西洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化及冬季水鸟的响应. 生物多样性, 21, 666-676. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.11090.

Yunzhu Liu,Linlu Shi,Hairui Duo,Boyong Peng,Cai Lü,Yi Zhu,Guangchun Lei (2013) Disturbance-driven changes to landscape patterns and responses of waterbirds at West Dongting Lake, China. Biodiversity Science, 21, 666-676. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.11090.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.11090

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2013/V21/I6/666

图/表 7

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年份 Year	1996	2013
水域 Water	11,039(31.9%)	5,922(17.1%)
泥滩地 Mudflat	4,291(12.4%)	2,582(7.5%)
芦苇 Reed marsh	8,741(25.2%)	11,434(33.0%)
林地 Poplar plantation	902(2.6%)	8,918(25.8%)
草滩 Wet grassland	9,009(26.0%)	4,523(13.1%)
其他 Others	638(1.8%)	1,241(3.6%)
合计 Total	34,620	34,620

年份 Year	1996	2013
水域 Water	11,039(31.9%)	5,922(17.1%)
泥滩地 Mudflat	4,291(12.4%)	2,582(7.5%)
芦苇 Reed marsh	8,741(25.2%)	11,434(33.0%)
林地 Poplar plantation	902(2.6%)	8,918(25.8%)
草滩 Wet grassland	9,009(26.0%)	4,523(13.1%)
其他 Others	638(1.8%)	1,241(3.6%)
合计 Total	34,620	34,620

	水域 Water	泥滩地 Mudflat	芦苇 Reed marsh	林地 Poplar plantation	草滩 Wet meadow	其他 Others
水域 Water	5,145	2,131	758	747	2,112	146
A	46.6%	19.3%	6.9%	6.8%	19.1%	1.3%
B	86.9%	82.5%	6.6%	8.4%	46.7%	11.8%
泥滩地 Mudflat	33	257	1,382	1,204	1,346	69
A	0.8%	6.0%	32.2%	28.1%	31.4%	1.6%
B	0.6%	10.0%	12.1%	13.5%	29.8%	5.6%
芦苇 Reed marsh	149	65	5,271	1,864	440	952
A	1.7%	0.7%	60.3%	21.3%	5.0%	10.9%
B	2.5%	2.5%	46.1%	20.9%	9.7%	76.7%
林地 Poplar plantation	42	41	317	331	150	21
A	4.7%	4.5%	35.1%	36.7%	16.6%	2.3%
B	0.7%	1.6%	2.8%	3.7%	3.3%	1.7%
草滩 Wet meadow	39	47	3,693	4,754	441	35
A	0.4%	0.5%	41.0%	52.8%	4.9%	0.4%
B	0.7%	1.8%	32.3%	53.3%	9.8%	2.8%
其他 Others	514	41	13	18	34	18
A	80.6%	6.4%	2.0%	2.8%	5.3%	2.8%
B	8.7%	1.6%	0.1%	0.2%	0.8%	1.5%
变化率 Change rate	-46.4%	-39.8%	30.8%	888.7%	-49.8%	94.5%
年均变化率 Annual change rate	-2.7%	-2.3%	1.8%	52.3%	-2.9%	5.6%

	水域 Water	泥滩地 Mudflat	芦苇 Reed marsh	林地 Poplar plantation	草滩 Wet meadow	其他 Others
水域 Water	5,145	2,131	758	747	2,112	146
A	46.6%	19.3%	6.9%	6.8%	19.1%	1.3%
B	86.9%	82.5%	6.6%	8.4%	46.7%	11.8%
泥滩地 Mudflat	33	257	1,382	1,204	1,346	69
A	0.8%	6.0%	32.2%	28.1%	31.4%	1.6%
B	0.6%	10.0%	12.1%	13.5%	29.8%	5.6%
芦苇 Reed marsh	149	65	5,271	1,864	440	952
A	1.7%	0.7%	60.3%	21.3%	5.0%	10.9%
B	2.5%	2.5%	46.1%	20.9%	9.7%	76.7%
林地 Poplar plantation	42	41	317	331	150	21
A	4.7%	4.5%	35.1%	36.7%	16.6%	2.3%
B	0.7%	1.6%	2.8%	3.7%	3.3%	1.7%
草滩 Wet meadow	39	47	3,693	4,754	441	35
A	0.4%	0.5%	41.0%	52.8%	4.9%	0.4%
B	0.7%	1.8%	32.3%	53.3%	9.8%	2.8%
其他 Others	514	41	13	18	34	18
A	80.6%	6.4%	2.0%	2.8%	5.3%	2.8%
B	8.7%	1.6%	0.1%	0.2%	0.8%	1.5%
变化率 Change rate	-46.4%	-39.8%	30.8%	888.7%	-49.8%	94.5%
年均变化率 Annual change rate	-2.7%	-2.3%	1.8%	52.3%	-2.9%	5.6%

类型 Type	斑块个数 Number of patches		平均斑块面积 Mean patch size (ha)		最大斑块指数 Largest patch index		边缘密度 Edge density		平均斑块形状指数 Mean shape index
类型 Type	1996	2013	1996	2013	1996	2013	1996	2013	1996	2013
林地 Poplar plantation	54	294	16.71	30.33	0.22	10.62	5.44	24.22	2.28	1.69
水域 Water	44	52	250.89	113.89	23.35	4.56	18.63	14.35	2.41	2.39
芦苇 Reed marsh	174	244	50.23	46.86	8.39	6.39	19.68	33.64	1.94	1.99
草滩 Wet grassland	51	192	176.65	23.56	7.45	3.68	21.45	21.33	2.71	2.13
泥滩地 Mudflat	63	152	68.1	16.98	2.92	0.83	17.75	16.15	2.95	2.21
其他 Others	43	69	14.85	17.99	1.76	0.71	1.5	5.4	1.4	1.84