鸟类迁徙对图们江下游湿地声景时间格局的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2022337

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 22337. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022337

• 中国野生脊椎动物鸣声监测与生物声学研究专题 • 上一篇下一篇

鸟类迁徙对图们江下游湿地声景时间格局的影响

王士政¹^,²^,³, 孙翊斐¹^,²^,³, 李珍珍¹^,²^,³, 舒越¹^,²^,³, 冯佳伟¹^,²^,³, 王天明¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1.东北虎豹国家公园保护生态学国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100875
2.生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室, 北京 100875
3.北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875

收稿日期:2022-06-16 接受日期:2022-11-24 出版日期:2023-01-20 发布日期:2022-12-03
通讯作者: 王天明
作者简介:*E-mail: wangtianming@bnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY101700);国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100702)

Effects of bird migration on the temporal patterns of the wetland soundscape in the downstream region of the Tumen River Basin of China

Shizheng Wang¹^,²^,³, Yifei Sun¹^,²^,³, Zhenzhen Li¹^,²^,³, Yue Shu¹^,²^,³, Jiawei Feng¹^,²^,³, Tianming Wang¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1. National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard, Beijing 100875
2. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, Beijing 100875
3. College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875

Received:2022-06-16 Accepted:2022-11-24 Online:2023-01-20 Published:2022-12-03
Contact: Tianming Wang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

声景生态学是一个相对较新和快速发展的研究领域, 被动声学监测技术和声学指数已经成为研究湿地鸟类和声景多样性的重要方法。本研究评价了鸟类迁徙对中国东北图们江流域下游湿地声景日、月和季节变化的影响。我们从2020年11月至2021年12月在图们江下游敬信湿地设置10个采样点, 获得91,988条时长5 min的有效音频, 计算了声音复杂度指数(acoustic complexity index, ACI)、生物声学指数(bioacoustic index, BIO)、声音均匀度指数(acoustic evenness index, AEI)和标准化声景差异指数(normalized difference soundscape index, NDSI)以及1-11 kHz频段的功率谱密度(power spectral density, PSD)。结果表明, 声学指数对鸟类迁徙活动敏感, 其中2个迁徙期声景(2-4月和10-11月)都以1-2 kHz雁类白天的叫声为主, NDSI显著降低, 1-2 kHz的PSD显著升高, 但雁类向北迁徙时几个声学指数变化更为敏感, 有效地捕获了迁徙峰值, 表明不同季节鸟类迁徙模式存在差异。非迁徙期声景由夏候鸟、蛙类和昆虫发声为主, 4种声学指数和PSD随月份呈现不同的动态特征, 反映了声景的多样性和复杂性, 其中5-7月声景以2-11 kHz的夏候鸟鸣唱(呈现显著高的黎明和鸣行为)和2-3 kHz的蛙类鸣叫为主, 8-9月声景以2-3 kHz、4-5 kHz和6-10 kHz频段的夜间昆虫鸣叫为主, 12月至次年1月仅记录到少量的鸟类发声活动。综上所述, 图们江下游湿地声景呈现明显的日和月变化规律, 多种声学指数联合使用可以有效地监测迁徙鸟类物候的变化, 特别是追踪春季雁类向北迁徙的时间和规模。随着全球气候变暖, 我们的结果强调声景监测与声学指数的应用可成为监测迁徙鸟类群落对气候变化响应的有效方法。

关键词: 生态声学, 声景监测, 声学指数, 功率谱密度, 图们江下游湿地, 候鸟迁徙

Abstract

Aims: Bioacoustics may provide an effective method for monitoring changes in wetland bird activity and soundscape, yet phenological and seasonal patterns remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine the seasonal and diel soundscapes, as well as the utility of bioacoustics in detecting changes in songbird phenology in the downstream region of the Tumen River Basin of China.

Methods: Between November 2020 and December 2021, 91,988 acoustic recordings were collected at 10 sites from the Jingxin Wetland, a stopover ground for numerous migratory bird species. For each sample, we record the acoustic complexity index (ACI), bioacoustic index (BIO), acoustic evenness index (AEI), normalized difference soundscape index (NDSI) and power spectral density (PSD) values.

Results: Our analysis show that seasonal shifts and bird migration have a significant effect on the composition and diversity of wetland soundscape. The 1-2 kHz daytime vocal signals of wild geese dominated the soundscapes of two migration periods (February-April and October-November), resulting in a significant decrease in NDSI and a significant increase in PSD at 1-2 kHz. Acoustic indices are sensitive to bird migration, but changes in bioacoustics were less abrupt in the fall, suggesting that spring recordings are better suited to indicate phenology. Summer birds and insects dominated the soundscape of non-migration period.

Conclusion: We find that the soundscape of the Tumen River’s downstream wetland exhibits clear annual and diurnal rhythm. Our experiment demonstrates the use of multiple acoustic indices in conjunction can effectively monitor changes in migratory bird phenology, particularly the time and population size at which wild geese fly back north in the spring. Furthermore, we conclude that acoustic recordings, in combination with acoustic indices, may be a useful method for tracking shifts in songbird communities caused by climate change.

Key words: ecoacoustics, soundscape monitoring, acoustic indices, power spectral density, Tumen River’s downstream region, bird migration

王士政, 孙翊斐, 李珍珍, 舒越, 冯佳伟, 王天明 (2023) 鸟类迁徙对图们江下游湿地声景时间格局的影响. 生物多样性, 31, 22337. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022337.

Shizheng Wang, Yifei Sun, Zhenzhen Li, Yue Shu, Jiawei Feng, Tianming Wang (2023) Effects of bird migration on the temporal patterns of the wetland soundscape in the downstream region of the Tumen River Basin of China. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22337. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022337.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022337

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I1/22337

图/表 9

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示意图 Schematic diagram	声学指数 Acoustic indices	声景格局 Soundscape pattern	参考文献 References
时频图 Spectrogram	声音复杂度指数(ACI): 音频中相邻时间窗声强的变异性, 值的范围 > 0。Quantifies the sound complexity for estimating the variability of the intensities between time samples within a frequency band. Range = [0, +].	高值代表高水平的鸟类活动; 低值代表持续性的昆虫噪音。High values represent higher levels of bird activity, while low values represent consistent insect noise.	Pieretti et al, 2011
频谱图 Spectrum	生物声学指数(BIO): 声谱图中2-11 kHz范围内超过分贝阈值部分的面积, 值的范围 > 0。Estimates the area under curve of the mean spectrum above a specific decibel (dB) threshold within 2-11 kHz. Range = [0, +].	高值代表生物声丰富, 大量频段被占据, 最高声和最安静频段差异大; 低值代表在2-11 kHz之间很少有声音。High values represent higher levels of biophonic, in which many frequency bands are occupied, and significant disparity between the loudest and quietest bands; low values represent no sound between 2 and 11 kHz.	Boelman et al, 2007
	声音均匀度指数(AEI): 表示声信号强度在不同频段的均匀度, 计算Gini系数来表示声信号强度在每个1 kHz频段的不均等程度, 值的范围为0-1。Measures the evenness of the acoustic activity distribution estimating the Gini coefficient on the signal proportion in each 1 kHz band. Range = [0, 1].	高值代表少数频段由高的声强主导; 低值代表多个频段被占据或者所有频段没有声学活动。High values represent high sound intensity in a restricted range of frequencies; low values represent either high or no acoustic activity across all frequency bins.	Villanueva-Rivera et al, 2011
	标准化声景差异指数(NDSI): 人造声(1-2 kHz)与生物声(2-11 kHz)频段间声信号功率的比率, 值的范围为-1至1。The ratio of signal power in the frequency bands between anthrophony (1-2 kHz) and biophony (2-11 kHz). Range = [-1, 1].	高值代表高水平的生物声, 而低值代表人造声为主。High values represent higher levels of biophonic activity, and minimal noise in 1-2 kHz.	2012

示意图 Schematic diagram	声学指数 Acoustic indices	声景格局 Soundscape pattern	参考文献 References
时频图 Spectrogram	声音复杂度指数(ACI): 音频中相邻时间窗声强的变异性, 值的范围 > 0。Quantifies the sound complexity for estimating the variability of the intensities between time samples within a frequency band. Range = [0, +].	高值代表高水平的鸟类活动; 低值代表持续性的昆虫噪音。High values represent higher levels of bird activity, while low values represent consistent insect noise.	Pieretti et al, 2011
频谱图 Spectrum	生物声学指数(BIO): 声谱图中2-11 kHz范围内超过分贝阈值部分的面积, 值的范围 > 0。Estimates the area under curve of the mean spectrum above a specific decibel (dB) threshold within 2-11 kHz. Range = [0, +].	高值代表生物声丰富, 大量频段被占据, 最高声和最安静频段差异大; 低值代表在2-11 kHz之间很少有声音。High values represent higher levels of biophonic, in which many frequency bands are occupied, and significant disparity between the loudest and quietest bands; low values represent no sound between 2 and 11 kHz.	Boelman et al, 2007
	声音均匀度指数(AEI): 表示声信号强度在不同频段的均匀度, 计算Gini系数来表示声信号强度在每个1 kHz频段的不均等程度, 值的范围为0-1。Measures the evenness of the acoustic activity distribution estimating the Gini coefficient on the signal proportion in each 1 kHz band. Range = [0, 1].	高值代表少数频段由高的声强主导; 低值代表多个频段被占据或者所有频段没有声学活动。High values represent high sound intensity in a restricted range of frequencies; low values represent either high or no acoustic activity across all frequency bins.	Villanueva-Rivera et al, 2011
	标准化声景差异指数(NDSI): 人造声(1-2 kHz)与生物声(2-11 kHz)频段间声信号功率的比率, 值的范围为-1至1。The ratio of signal power in the frequency bands between anthrophony (1-2 kHz) and biophony (2-11 kHz). Range = [-1, 1].	高值代表高水平的生物声, 而低值代表人造声为主。High values represent higher levels of biophonic activity, and minimal noise in 1-2 kHz.	2012

声学指数 Acoustic indices	2-4月 Feb.-Apr.	5-7月 May-July	8-9月 Aug.-Sept.	10-11月 Oct.-Nov.	12月至次年1月 Dec.-Jan.	P
声音复杂度指数 Acoustic complexity index (ACI)	4,530.52 ± 17.78^a	4,622.86 ± 28.88^a	4,523.64 ± 22.69^a	4,449.51 ± 7.54^b	4,413.08 ± 7.26^b	< 0.001
生物声学指数 Bioacoustic index (BIO)	10.38 ± 0.48^c	12.22 ± 0.47^b	14.15 ± 0.52^a	8.32 ± 0.19^d	7.15 ± 0.20^e	< 0.001
声音均匀度指数 Acoustic evenness index (AEI)	0.90 ± 0.01^b	0.83 ± 0.01^c	0.78 ± 0.01^d	0.90 ± 0.01^b	0.92 ± 0.01^a	< 0.001
标准化声景差异指数 Normalized difference soundscape index (NDSI)	-0.04 ± 0.07^c	0.46 ± 0.05^b	0.88 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.06^c	0.40 ± 0.04^b	< 0.001

声学指数 Acoustic indices	2-4月 Feb.-Apr.	5-7月 May-July	8-9月 Aug.-Sept.	10-11月 Oct.-Nov.	12月至次年1月 Dec.-Jan.	P
声音复杂度指数 Acoustic complexity index (ACI)	4,530.52 ± 17.78^a	4,622.86 ± 28.88^a	4,523.64 ± 22.69^a	4,449.51 ± 7.54^b	4,413.08 ± 7.26^b	< 0.001
生物声学指数 Bioacoustic index (BIO)	10.38 ± 0.48^c	12.22 ± 0.47^b	14.15 ± 0.52^a	8.32 ± 0.19^d	7.15 ± 0.20^e	< 0.001
声音均匀度指数 Acoustic evenness index (AEI)	0.90 ± 0.01^b	0.83 ± 0.01^c	0.78 ± 0.01^d	0.90 ± 0.01^b	0.92 ± 0.01^a	< 0.001
标准化声景差异指数 Normalized difference soundscape index (NDSI)	-0.04 ± 0.07^c	0.46 ± 0.05^b	0.88 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.06^c	0.40 ± 0.04^b	< 0.001

声学指数 Acoustic indices	时段 Period	白天 Day	夜晚 Night	W	P
声音复杂度指数 Acoustic complexity index (ACI)	2-4月 Feb.-Apr.	4,612.30 ± 25.94^a	4,460.47 ± 12.26^b	368	< 0.001
	5-7月 May-July	4,656.94 ± 37.25^a	4,596.90 ± 24.96^a	446	0.38
	8-9月 Aug.-Sept.	4,554.53 ± 37.00^a	4,494.61 ± 15.23^a	163	0.20
	10-11月 Oct.-Nov.	4,484.44 ± 8.30^a	4,417.02 ± 8.51^b	291	< 0.001
	12月至次年1月 Dec.-Jan.	4,443.98 ± 8.55^a	4,383.45 ± 6.25^b	366	< 0.001
生物声学指数 Bioacoustic index (BIO)	2-4月 Feb.-Apr.	11.71 ± 0.52^a	9.22 ± 0.49^b	317	< 0.001
	5-7月 May-July	12.85 ± 0.48^a	11.65 ± 0.50^a	497	0.09
	8-9月 Aug.-Sept.	12.88 ± 0.60^b	15.41 ± 0.49^a	57	< 0.01
	10-11月 Oct.-Nov.	9.47 ± 0.24^a	7.25 ± 0.20^b	308	< 0.001
	12月至次年1月 Dec.-Jan.	7.66 ± 0.22^a	6.67 ± 0.19^b	306	< 0.01
声音均匀度指数 Acoustic evenness index (AEI)	2-4月 Feb.-Apr.	0.95 ± 0.06^a	0.68 ± 0.06^b	71	< 0.001
	5-7月 May-July	0.81 ± 0.01^b	0.83 ± 0.01^a	218	< 0.01
	8-9月 Aug.-Sept.	0.78 ± 0.01^a	0.79 ± 0.02^a	117	0.70
	10-11月 Oct.-Nov.	0.88 ± 0.01^b	0.92 ± 0.01^a	63	< 0.01
	12月至次年1月 Dec.-Jan.	0.91 ± 0.01^b	0.93 ± 0.01^a	73	< 0.001
标准化声景差异指数 Normalized difference soundscape index (NDSI)	2-4月 Feb.-Apr.	0.00 ± 0.07^a	-0.09 ± 0.08^a	228	0.58
	5-7月 May-July	0.52 ± 0.05^a	0.40 ± 0.05^a	482	0.14
	8-9月 Aug.-Sept.	0.85 ± 0.02^a	0.90 ± 0.01^a	79	0.07
	10-11月 Oct.-Nov.	0.03 ± 0.07^a	0.16 ± 0.07^a	127	0.28
	12月至次年1月 Dec.-Jan.	0.35 ± 0.05^a	0.44 ± 0.03^a	148	0.17

鸟类迁徙对图们江下游湿地声景时间格局的影响

Effects of bird migration on the temporal patterns of the wetland soundscape in the downstream region of the Tumen River Basin of China

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