传粉榕小蜂与非传粉小蜂间寄主识别行为的趋同进化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.06012

生物多样性 ›› 2012, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (3): 324-329. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.06012

所属专题：传粉生物学：理论探讨与初步实践；传粉生物学；昆虫多样性与生态功能

传粉榕小蜂与非传粉小蜂间寄主识别行为的趋同进化

顾丁¹^,², 彭艳琼¹, 杨大荣¹^,^*()

1 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园热带森林生态学重点实验室, 云南勐腊 666303
2 中国科学院研究生院, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2012-01-12 接受日期:2012-02-23 出版日期:2012-05-20 发布日期:2012-05-09
通讯作者: 杨大荣
作者简介:*E-mail: yangdarong@xtbg.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(30970403);国家自然科学基金(30970439);国家自然科学基金(31120002);云南中青年学术技术带头人后备人才项目(2011HB04)

Convergence in host recognition behavior between obligate pollinating fig wasps and non-pollinating fig wasps

Ding Gu¹^,², Yanqiong Peng¹, Darong Yang¹^,^*()

1 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303
2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2012-01-12 Accepted:2012-02-23 Online:2012-05-20 Published:2012-05-09
Contact: Darong Yang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在高度专性传粉的榕树–榕小蜂互惠共生系统中普遍存在着一些非传粉小蜂, 它们中的一些种类进入果腔后也能为榕树传粉, 且在形态和物候上已与传粉榕小蜂发生了趋同进化。但其寄主识别行为是否也与传粉榕小蜂发生了趋同进化还不得而知。我们在西双版纳选择了钝叶榕(Ficus curtipes)及其3种进果繁殖小蜂开展了相关的行为实验。3种小蜂中, 1种是钝叶榕的专性传粉榕小蜂(Eupristina sp.), 另外2种是寄居性非传粉小蜂(杨氏金小蜂Diaziella yangi和Lipothymus sp.), 这2种非传粉小蜂进入果腔后也像传粉榕小蜂那样为钝叶榕传粉。我们以钝叶榕不同发育时期的榕果及这3种小蜂为材料, 采用Y型嗅觉仪观察了这3种小蜂对各发育时期榕果和信息化学物质6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮及这2种化合物的混合物的选择行为。结果表明, 当提供雌花期榕果与其他发育时期榕果和空气对照供这3种小蜂选择时, 它们均显著地偏向于选择雌花期榕果; 当提供雄花期榕果与其他发育时期榕果和空气对照供这3种小蜂选择时, 它们均显著地偏向于选择其他发育时期榕果和空气对照, 即都会避开雄花期榕果; 此外, 这3种小蜂均对钝叶榕雌花期果释放的一种主要化合物6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的同一剂量 (1 µL)表现出显著的偏好。这一结果为传粉榕小蜂与非传粉小蜂间的寄主识别行为趋同进化的假说提供了证据。

关键词: 榕树, 榕小蜂, 钝叶榕, 寄主识别, 行为趋同进化, 专性传粉系统

Abstract

The highly specific mutualism between fig trees and their obligate pollinating fig wasps is usually exploited by non-agaonid wasps, and some of these wasps can enter and pollinate the figs just like the obligate pollinating wasps. Therefore, the agaonid and non-agaonid wasps have convergently evolved in their morphological characteristics and phenology. However, there are few data about the convergence of host recognition behaviors among these wasps. In Ficus curtipes, there are three internally ovipositing wasps, i.e. one obligate pollinating wasp, Eupristina sp., and two inquiline wasps (Diaziella yangi and Lipothymus sp.), which can also pollinate the figs if they enter the figs. In this study, we carried out several behavioral experiments with a Y-tube olfactometer to test the hypothesis of convergence of host recognition behaviors among these wasps. We observed and recorded the wasps’ behavior of choice among figs at different developmental phases and among 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and the mixture of the two chemicals. Our results showed that all three of the wasps were significantly attracted by the receptive F. curtipes figs when presented with choices between receptive figs and figs at other developmental phases and were significantly repelled by the male phase figs of F. curtipes when presented with choices between male phase figs and figs at other developmental phases. In addition, all of them also preferred to the compound 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol at the dose level of 1µL. These results provide evidence for the hypothesis of convergence of host recognition behavior among obligate pollinating fig wasps and non-pollinating fig wasps. The role of behavioral convergence in the evolution of non-obligate pollinating wasps into obligate ones is also discussed.

Key words: Ficus, Agaonidae, Ficus curtipes, host recognition, behavioral convergence, obligate pollination system

顾丁, 彭艳琼, 杨大荣 (2012) 传粉榕小蜂与非传粉小蜂间寄主识别行为的趋同进化. 生物多样性, 20, 324-329. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.06012.

Ding Gu, Yanqiong Peng, Darong Yang (2012) Convergence in host recognition behavior between obligate pollinating fig wasps and non-pollinating fig wasps. Biodiversity Science, 20, 324-329. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.06012.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.06012

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2012/V20/I3/324

图/表 3

图1 Y型嗅觉仪示意图。A: Y型玻璃管; B: 味源瓶; C: 蒸馏水瓶; D: 活性炭管; E: 流量计; F: 气泵; 箭头表示气流方向; 线段表示Teflon管。

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the Y-tube olfactometer. A, B, C, D, E and F represent the glass Y-tube, odor bottles, bottles with distilled water, charcoal filters, flowmeters and vacuum pumps, respectively. The arrows indicate the direction of airflow. The lines in the diagram represent the Teflon tubes.

图2 钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂(A)、杨氏金小蜂(B)和Lipothymus sp. (C)对各发育时期榕果的选择性行为反应。PR: 雌花前期果; R: 雌花期果; PP: 传粉后的果; IF: 间花期果; M: 雄花期果; CA: 空气对照。卡方检验*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05。

Fig. 2 Behavioral responses of three fig wasps Eupristina sp. (A), Diaziella yangi (B) and Lipothymus sp. (C) to fresh Ficus curtipes figs at different phases in Y-tube olfactometer tests. PR, Pre-receptive figs; R, Receptive figs; PP, Post-pollinated figs; IF, Interfloral figs; M, Male phase figs; CA, Clean air. χ2 test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: P > 0.05.

图3 钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂(E)、杨氏金小蜂(D)和Lipothymus sp. (L)对OL (A)、NE (B)和NE与OL混合液(C)的选择性行为反应。OL: 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇; NE: 6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮; CA: 空气对照。卡方检验*P < 0.05, NS: P > 0.05。

Fig. 3 Behavioral responses of Eupristina sp. (E), Diaziella yangi (D) and Lipothymus sp. (L) to compounds OL (A), NE (B) and the mixture of NE and OL (C) in Y-tube olfactometer tests. OL, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol; NE, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2- one; CA, Clean air. χ2 test, *P < 0.05, NS: P > 0.05.

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传粉榕小蜂与非传粉小蜂间寄主识别行为的趋同进化

Convergence in host recognition behavior between obligate pollinating fig wasps and non-pollinating fig wasps

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