珍稀濒危植物的回归: 理论和实践

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09101

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

回归(reintroduction)指的是在一个物种出现濒危的现有分布区域或已经灭绝的历史分布区域内建立新种群的活动。作为物种保护及种群恢复的重要策略之一, 回归在越来越多的珍稀濒危植物保护实践中得到了应用。回归的成功标准分为短期和长期两类, 前者包括个体的成活、种群的建立和扩散;后者包括回归种群的自我维持和在生态系统中发挥功能等。珍稀濒危植物的回归是一项高风险和高花费的工程, 需要根据种群遗传学和生态学理论, 选择合适的繁殖体、扩繁方式、回归地点和生境、定植时间、定植方式等, 还要考虑传粉者和共生物种, 并开展回归后的长期监测。为保证回归的成功并把回归过程中可能对生态环境造成的不利影响降到最小, 还需要防止遗传污染、避免源种群的过度采集、加强公众教育、加强长期监测等。不同植物的回归面临着各不相同的具体困难, 兰科植物的回归面临更多的困难, 如材料扩繁难与存活率低等。基于生态学、传粉生物学、繁殖技术、真菌学和种群遗传多样性研究基础上开展兰科植物的回归, 被证明是有效的综合保护策略。

关键词: 珍稀濒危植物, 回归, 兰科, 保护策略

Abstract

Reintroduction is defined as an attempt to establish a species in an area which was once part of its historical range, but from which it has been extirpated or become extinct. As an important strategy for species conservation and population restoration, reintroduction is increasingly applied to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. However, reintroduction is often a relatively high-risk and high-cost activity, and needs to be conducted under the direction of sound theories and reasonable techniques. Plant reintroductions often face specific challenges. Orchid reintroductions, particularly, are often confronted with more specific difficulties. Reintroduction, when combined with research efforts into ecology, pollination biology, propagation science, mycology, and population genetic diversity is termed integrated conservation, and has been demonstrated as an effective orchid conservation strategy. Based on scientific literature, this paper provides an overview of the reintroduction of rare and endangered plants in terms of definitions, criteria for success, theories and methods, and also summarizes the possible risks and problems of plant reintroduction.

Key words: rare and endangered plants, reintroduction, Orchidaceae, conservation strategy, overview

周翔, 高江云 (2011) 珍稀濒危植物的回归: 理论和实践. 生物多样性, 19, 97-105. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09101.

Xiang Zhou, Jiangyun Gao (2011) Reintroduction of rare and endangered plants: theories and practices. Biodiversity Science, 19, 97-105. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09101.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09101

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2011/V19/I1/97

图/表 1

参考文献 48

[1]	Anderson AB (1991) Symbiotic and asymbiotic germination and growth of Spiranthes magnicamporum (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana, 6,183-186.
[2]	Armstrong DP, Seddon PJ (2008) Directions in reintroduction biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23,20-25. DOI URL PMID
[3]	Barrett SCH, Kohn JR (1991) Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants:implications for conservation. In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (eds Falk DA, Holsinger KE), pp.3-30. Oxford University Press, New York.
[4]	Batty AL, Dixon KW, Brundrett MC, Sivasithamparam K (2001) Constraints to symbiotic germination of terrestrial orchid seed in a mediterranean bushland. New Phytologist, 152,511-520.
[5]	Batty AL, Dixon KW, Brundrett MC, Sivasithamparam K (2002) Orchid conservation and mycorrhizal associations. In: Microorganisms in Plant Conservation and Biodiversity (eds Sivasithamparam K, Dixon KW, Barrett RL), pp.195-226. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
[6]	Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI (2009) Symposium on the Project of Conservation and Reintroduction Demonstration Test of Rare and Endangered Plants Dipteronia dyeriana, Magnolia odoratissima and Manglietia aromatica (珍稀濒危植物云南金钱槭、馨香玉兰和香木莲保护及回归引种试验示范研讨会). http://www.bgci.org/china/news/0644/ (Accessed 5 April 2010) (in Chinese)
[7]	Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI (2009b) The Successful Startup of Reintroduction on Rare and Endangered Plant Davidia involucrata (珍稀濒危植物珙桐物种回归成功启动). http://www.bgci.org/china/news/0643/ (Accessed 5 April 2010) (in Chinese)
[8]	Caplow F (2004) Reintroduction Plan for Golden Paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta). Washington Natural Heritage Program, Dept. of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/pubs/paintbrushreintroduction.pdf 6 (Accessed February 2010)
[9]	Caro TM, Laurenson MK (1994) Ecological and genetic factors in conservation: a cautionary tale. Science, 263,485-486. URL PMID
[10]	Chen FQ (陈芳清), Xie ZQ (谢宗强), Xiong GM (熊高明), Liu YM (刘彦明), Yang HY (杨会英) (2005) Reintroduction and population reconstruction of an endangered plant Myricaria laxiflora in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 25,1811-1817. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	Dearnaley JDW (2007) Further advances in orchid mycorrhizal research. Mycorrhiza, 17,475-486. DOI URL PMID
[12]	Ellstrand NC, Hoffman CA (1990) Hybridization as an avenue of escape for engineered genes. BioScience, 40,438-442.
[13]	Fay MF, Krauss SL (2003) Orchid conservation genetics in the molecular age. In: Orchid Conservation (eds Dixon KW, Kell SP, Barrett RL, Cribb PJ), pp.91-112. Natural History Publications, Sabah, Borneo.
[14]	Fiedler PL, Laven RD (1996) Selecting reintroduction sites. In: Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants (eds Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M), pp.157-169. Island Press, Washington, DC.
[15]	Guerrant EO (1996) Designing populations:demographic, genetic, and horticultural dimensions. In: Restoring Diversity (eds Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M), pp.171-208. Island Press, Washington DC.
[16]	Guerrant EO, Havens K, Maunder M (2004) Ex-situ Plant Conservation: Supporting Species Survival in the Wild. Island Press, London.
[17]	Guerrant EO, Kaye TN (2007) Reintroduction of rare and endangered plants: common factors, questions and approaches. Australian Journal of Botany, 55,362-370.
[18]	Hágsater EE, Dumont VE (1996) Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Orchids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
[19]	Huynh TT, McLean CB, Coates F, Lawrie AC (2004) Effect of developmental stage and peloton morphology on success in isolation of mycorrhizal fungi in Caladenia formosa (Orchidaceae). Australian Journal of Botany, 52,231-241.
[20]	IUCN (1998) Guidelines for Re-introductions. Prepared by the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
[21]	Johnson TR, Stewart SL, Dutra D, Kane ME, Richardson L (2007) Asymbiotic and symbiotic seed germination of Eulophia alta (Orchidaceae)—preliminary evidence for the symbiotic culture advantage. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 90,313-323.
[22]	Ke HL (柯海丽), Song XQ (宋希强), Tan ZQ (谭志琼), Liu HX (刘红霞), Luo YB (罗毅波) (2007) The technique of orchid seeds baiting in situ and its applications. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 43,125-129. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	Levin DA (1990) The seed bank as a source of genetic novelty in plants. The American Naturalist, 135,563-572.
[24]	Liu ZJ (刘仲健), Liu KW (刘可为), Chen LJ (陈利君), Lei SP (雷嗣鹏), Li LQ (李利强), Shi XC (施晓春), Huang LQ (黄来强) (2006) Conservation ecology of endangered species Paphiopedilum armeniacum (Orchidaceae). Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 26,2791-2800. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	Luo YB (罗毅波), Jia JS (贾建生), Wang CL (王春玲) (2003) A general conservation status of Chinese orchids. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 11,70-77. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	Martin KP (2003) Clonal propagation, encapsulation and reintroduction of Ipsea malabarica (Reichb. f.) J.D. Hook., and endangered orchid. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology. Plant, 39,322-326.
[27]	Maunder M (1992) Plant reintroduction: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1,51-61.
[28]	Oddie RLA, Dixon KW, McComb JA (1994) Influence of substrate on asymbiotic and symbiotic in vitro germination and seedling growth of two Australian terrestrial orchids. Lindleyana, 9,183-189.
[29]	Parkin M (2007) Reintroducing native plants into the wild. Written for the New England Plant Conservation Program (NEPCoP) by Mary Parkin, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. http://www.newfs.org/protect/rare-plants-and-conservation/policies-issues/reintroduction-policy.html (Accessed 6 February 2010)
[30]	Pavlik B (1996) Defining and measuring success. In: Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants (eds Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M), pp.127-155. Island Press, Washington, DC.
[31]	Pavlik B, Nickrent DL, Howard AM (1993) The recovery of an endangered plant. I. Creating a new population of Amsinckia grandiflora. Conservation Biology, 7,510-531.
[32]	Ramsay MM, Dixon KW (2003) Propagation science, recovery and translocation of terrestrial orchids. In: Orchid Con- servation (eds Dixon KW, Kell SP, Barrett RL, Cribb PJ), pp.259-288. Natural History Publications,Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
[33]	Rout TM, Hauser CE, Possingham HP (2007) Minimise long- term loss or maximise shortterm gain? Optimal translocation strategies for threatened species. Ecological Modelling, 201,67-74.
[34]	Samira C, Satyakam G, Rao U (2009) Micropropagation of orchids: a review on the potential of different explants. Scientia Horticulturae, 122,507-520.
[35]	Seddon PJ, Armstrong DP, Maloney RF (2007) Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conservation Biology, 21,303-312. DOI URL PMID
[36]	Seeni S, Latha PG (2000) In vitro multiplication and ecorehabilitation of the endangered Blue Vanda. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 61,1-8.
[37]	Smith ZF, James EA, McLean CB (2007) Experimental reintroduction of the threatened terrestrial orchid Diuris fragrantissima. Lankesteriana, 7,377-380.
[38]	South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SCBG, CAS) (2008) Success in Mass Propagation and Reintroduction of Critical Endangered Plant Tigridiopalma magnifica. (Accessed 6 February 2010)
[39]	Stewart SL (2008) Orchid reintroduction in the United States: a mini-review. North American Native Orchid Journal, 14,54-59.
[40]	Stewart SL, Kane ME (2006) Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 86,147-158.
[41]	Stewart SL, Kane ME (2007a) Orchid conservation in the Ameri- cas: lessons learned in Florida. Lankesteriana, 7,382-387.
[42]	Stewart SL, Kane ME (2007b) Symbiotic seed germination and evidence for in vitro mycobiont specificity in Spiranthes brevilabris (Orchidaceae) and its implications for species- level conservation. In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology. Plant, 43,178-186.
[43]	Swarts ND, Batty AL, Hopper S, Dixon KW (2007) Does integrated conservation of terrestrial orchids work? Lankesteriana, 7,219-222.
[44]	Swarts ND, Dixon KW (2009) Perspectives on orchid conservation in botanic gardens. Trends in Plant Science, 14,590-598. DOI URL PMID
[45]	Templeton AR (1991) Off site breeding of animals and implications for plant conservation strategies. In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (eds Falk DA, Holsinger KE), pp.225-238. Oxford University Press, New York.
[46]	Wing YT, Thame A (2001) Orchid conservation at the Singapore Botanic Gardens. In:First International Orchid Conservation Congress Book of Extended Abstracts (eds Barrett RL, Dixon KW), p. 26. Plant Conservation Association Inc., Perth, Western Australia.
[47]	Wright M, Cross R, Dixon K, Huynh T, Lawrie A, Nesbitt L, Prichard A, Swarts N, Thomson R (2009) Propagation and reintroduction of Caladenia. Australian Journal of Botany, 57,373-387.
[48]	Zhang DY (张大勇), Jiang XH (姜新华) (1999) Progress in studies of genetic diversity and conservation biology of endangered plant species. Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 7,31-37. (in Chinese with English abstract)