中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09065

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6): 652-663. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09065

所属专题：群落中的物种多样性：格局与机制；青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系

林鑫^*(), 王志恒, 唐志尧, 赵淑清, 方精云

北京大学城市与环境学院生态学系, 北京大学生态学研究与教育中心, 北京大学地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2009-03-21 接受日期:2009-05-13 出版日期:2009-11-20 发布日期:2009-11-20
通讯作者: 林鑫
作者简介:*E-mail: linxin.pku@gmail.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(40638039);国家自然科学基金重点项目(90711002);国家自然科学基金重点项目(30721140306)

Geographic patterns and environmental correlates of terrestrial mammal species richness in China

Xin Lin^*(), Zhiheng Wang, Zhiyao Tang, Shuqing Zhao, Jingyun Fang

Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Center for Ecological Research & Education, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Received:2009-03-21 Accepted:2009-05-13 Online:2009-11-20 Published:2009-11-20
Contact: Xin Lin

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

物种丰富度的大尺度地理格局及其成因是宏观生态学和生物地理学的中心议题之一。本文利用中国陆栖哺乳动物分布数据, 结合高分辨率的气候、地形、植被等环境信息, 探讨了中国陆栖哺乳动物及主要类群的物种丰富度格局及其影响因素。结果显示, 中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度具有显著的纬度梯度格局, 总体上呈现出由低纬度向高纬度逐渐减少的趋势, 并与宏观地形具有良好的对应关系; 其中, 亚热带、热带西部山区的物种丰富度最高, 而东部平原地区、西北干旱区和青藏高原腹地则是丰富度的低值区。各主要类群的物种丰富度格局既有相似性, 又存在差异。最优线性模型的分析结果显示, 由归一化植被指数(NDVI)、生态系统类型数和气温年较差构成的回归模型对哺乳动物物种丰富度格局的解释率最高, 其中NDVI对模型解释率的贡献最大, 这表明中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理分异受多种环境因素的共同影响, 其中植被生产力起主导作用。各主要类群的最优线性模型显示, 影响物种丰富度格局的主要环境因子因类群而异, 这可能反映了各类群进化历史及生理适应的差异。

关键词: 陆栖哺乳动物, 物种丰富度格局, 环境因子, 生产力假说

Abstract

Understanding macro-scale spatial patterns in species diversity and their underlying mechanisms is central to macroecology and biogeography. In this study, we explored geographic patterns of species richness and their environmental determinants for overall terrestrial mammals and each major mammalian order in China, using datasets of species distribution, climate, topography and vegetation. Species richness of terrestrial mammals exhibited significant latitudinal gradients, decreasing from south to north. High species richness generally occurred in tropical and subtropical mountains, whereas low species richness was found in the eastern plains, the arid areas of northwest regions, and central areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geographic patterns of species richness varied among mammalian orders. The best model, which included a remote sensing-based vegetation index (NDVI), number of ecosystems, and annual range of temperature, accounted for 66.2% of variation in overall mammal species richness, with NDVI being the most important determinant. This suggests that patterns of mammal richness in China are governed by the integrated effects of different environmental predictors, with vegetation productivity playing a major role. The best models for various orders of mammals identified different combinations of determinants, possibly reflecting differences in evolutionary history and physiological tolerances.

Key words: terrestrial mammals, patterns of species richness, environmental variables, productivity hypothesis

林鑫, 王志恒, 唐志尧, 赵淑清, 方精云 (2009) 中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系. 生物多样性, 17, 652-663. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09065.

Xin Lin, Zhiheng Wang, Zhiyao Tang, Shuqing Zhao, Jingyun Fang (2009) Geographic patterns and environmental correlates of terrestrial mammal species richness in China. Biodiversity Science, 17, 652-663. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09065.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09065

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I6/652

图/表 5

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	最小值Minimum	最大值Maximum	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD
物种丰富度 Species richness
陆栖哺乳类 Terrestrial mammals	16	177	59.2	31.0
食虫目 Eulipotyphla	0	27	5.8	5.1
翼手目 Chiroptera	0	45	9.7	10.5
灵长目 Primates	0	9	0.9	1.6
食肉目 Carnivora	3	34	14.5	6.7
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	1	18	6.0	2.8
兔形目 Lagomorpha	0	10	3.1	2.1
啮齿目 Rodentia	2	52	18.1	9.8
环境因子 Environmental variables
年均温 Mean annual temperature (MAT, ℃)¹	-8.3	24.1	6.8	7.8
最热月均温 Mean temperature of the warmest month (MTWM, ℃)²	10.0	36.5	25.1	7.0
最冷月均温 Mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCM, ℃)³	-37.7	14.4	-13.7	11.1
潜在蒸散量 Potential evapotranspiration (PET, mm)⁴	257.2	1,320.2	627.9	220.6
年降水量 Annual precipitation (AP, mm)⁵	17.7	2,542.7	596.3	506.9
实际蒸散量 Actual evapotranspiration (AET, mm)⁶	17.7	1,298.8	452.9	311.0
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)⁷	0.043	0.667	0.286	0.166
气温年较差 Annual range of temperature (ART, ℃)⁸	16.4	60.6	38.9	9.4
海拔变幅 Elevational range (ER, m)⁹	41	6,717	1,645.6	1,148.0
生态系统类型数 Number of ecosystems (VEGE)¹⁰	1	55	15.8	8.2

	最小值Minimum	最大值Maximum	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD
物种丰富度 Species richness
陆栖哺乳类 Terrestrial mammals	16	177	59.2	31.0
食虫目 Eulipotyphla	0	27	5.8	5.1
翼手目 Chiroptera	0	45	9.7	10.5
灵长目 Primates	0	9	0.9	1.6
食肉目 Carnivora	3	34	14.5	6.7
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	1	18	6.0	2.8
兔形目 Lagomorpha	0	10	3.1	2.1
啮齿目 Rodentia	2	52	18.1	9.8
环境因子 Environmental variables
年均温 Mean annual temperature (MAT, ℃)¹	-8.3	24.1	6.8	7.8
最热月均温 Mean temperature of the warmest month (MTWM, ℃)²	10.0	36.5	25.1	7.0
最冷月均温 Mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCM, ℃)³	-37.7	14.4	-13.7	11.1
潜在蒸散量 Potential evapotranspiration (PET, mm)⁴	257.2	1,320.2	627.9	220.6
年降水量 Annual precipitation (AP, mm)⁵	17.7	2,542.7	596.3	506.9
实际蒸散量 Actual evapotranspiration (AET, mm)⁶	17.7	1,298.8	452.9	311.0
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)⁷	0.043	0.667	0.286	0.166
气温年较差 Annual range of temperature (ART, ℃)⁸	16.4	60.6	38.9	9.4
海拔变幅 Elevational range (ER, m)⁹	41	6,717	1,645.6	1,148.0
生态系统类型数 Number of ecosystems (VEGE)¹⁰	1	55	15.8	8.2

	陆栖哺乳类Terrestrial mammals	食虫目 Eulipotyphla	翼手目 Chiroptera	灵长目 Primates	食肉目 Carnivora	偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	兔形目 Lagomorpha	啮齿目 Rodentia
陆栖哺乳类 Terrestrial mammals	1.000
食虫目 Eulipotyphla	0.801^***	1.000
翼手目 Chiroptera	0.845^***	0.548^*	1.000
灵长目 Primates	0.839^***	0.530^*	0.811^***	1.000
食肉目 Carnivora	0.920^***	0.690^***	0.755^**	0.815^***	1.000
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	0.589^*	0.350^ns	0.302^ns	0.567^**	0.685^**	1.000
兔形目 Lagomorpha	0.018^ns	0.018^ns	-0.332^ns	-0.051^ns	0.117^ns	0.575^**	1.000
啮齿目 Rodentia	0.847^***	0.743^***	0.581^*	0.573^*	0.654^**	0.360^ns	-0.027^ns	1.000

	陆栖哺乳类Terrestrial mammals	食虫目 Eulipotyphla	翼手目 Chiroptera	灵长目 Primates	食肉目 Carnivora	偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	兔形目 Lagomorpha	啮齿目 Rodentia
陆栖哺乳类 Terrestrial mammals	1.000
食虫目 Eulipotyphla	0.801^***	1.000
翼手目 Chiroptera	0.845^***	0.548^*	1.000
灵长目 Primates	0.839^***	0.530^*	0.811^***	1.000
食肉目 Carnivora	0.920^***	0.690^***	0.755^**	0.815^***	1.000
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	0.589^*	0.350^ns	0.302^ns	0.567^**	0.685^**	1.000
兔形目 Lagomorpha	0.018^ns	0.018^ns	-0.332^ns	-0.051^ns	0.117^ns	0.575^**	1.000
啮齿目 Rodentia	0.847^***	0.743^***	0.581^*	0.573^*	0.654^**	0.360^ns	-0.027^ns	1.000

	陆栖哺乳类 Terrestrial mammals	食虫目 Eulipotyphla	翼手目 Chiroptera	灵长目 Primates	食肉目 Carnivora	偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	兔形目 Lagomorpha	啮齿目 Rodentia
年均温 (MAT, ℃)	0.541^ns	0.345^ns	0.742^**	0.515^*	0.434^ns	-0.087^ns	-0.593^**	0.458^ns
最热月均温 (MTWM, ℃)	0.209^ns	0.218^ns	0.371^ns	0.092^ns	0.074^ns	-0.439^ns	-0.653^***	0.337^ns
最冷月均温 (MTCM, ℃)	0.627^*	0.328^ns	0.839^**	0.669^**	0.550^*	0.134^ns	-0.464^*	0.424^ns
潜在蒸散量 (PET, mm)	0.432^ns	0.268^ns	0.671^*	0.401^ns	0.327^ns	-0.224^ns	-0.660^***	0.381^ns
年降水量 (AP, mm)	0.686^*	0.411^ns	0.863^**	0.678^*	0.687^*	0.282^ns	-0.349^ns	0.390^ns
实际蒸散量 (AET, mm)	0.651^*	0.440^ns	0.821^**	0.610^*	0.645^*	0.186^ns	-0.391^ns	0.395^ns
植被指数 (NDVI)	0.691^*	0.579^*	0.744^*	0.558^*	0.683^*	0.242^ns	-0.272^ns	0.482^ns
气温年较差 (ART, ℃)	-0.587^*	-0.226^ns	-0.718^**	-0.725^**	-0.598^*	-0.488^**	-0.061^ns	-0.251^ns
海拔变幅 (ER, m)	0.318^ns	0.159^ns	0.091^ns	0.257^ns	0.402^**	0.591^***	0.482^***	0.214^ns
生态系统类型数 (VEGE)	0.426^**	0.410^**	0.116^ns	0.142^ns	0.382^*	0.347^*	0.248^ns	0.577^***

中国陆栖哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子的关系

Geographic patterns and environmental correlates of terrestrial mammal species richness in China

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		环境因子 Environmental variables	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	偏决定系数 Partial r²	模型解释率 (校正后) Adjusted R²	显著性水平 (校正后) Adjusted P
陆栖哺乳类 Terrestrial mammals	Model I	植被指数 (NDVI) 生态系统类型数 (VEGE) 气温年较差 (ART)	0.461 0.324 -0.351	0.318 0.231 0.218	0.662	0.001
	Model II	植被指数 (NDVI) 海拔变幅 (ER) 最冷月均温 (MTCM)	0.525 0.348 0.300	0.332 0.262 0.141	0.660	0.001
食虫目 Eulipotyphla	Model I	植被指数 (NDVI) 生态系统类型数 (VEGE) 气温年较差 (ART)	0.545 0.310 0.050	0.279 0.140 0.003	0.430	0.002
	Model II	植被指数 (NDVI) 生态系统类型数 (VEGE) 海拔变幅 (ER)	0.528 0.287 0.049	0.315 0.094 0.003	0.430	0.002
翼手目 Chiroptera	Model I	最冷月均温 (MTCM) 植被指数 (NDVI) 海拔变幅 (ER)	0.606 0.375 0.112	0.527 0.298 0.058	0.797	< 0.001
	Model II	气温年较差 (ART) 植被指数 (NDVI) 最热月均温 (MTWM)	-0.574 0.364 0.306	0.526 0.286 0.267	0.796	< 0.001
灵长目 Primates	Model I	气温年较差 (ART) 植被指数 (NDVI) 海拔变幅 (ER)	-0.548 0.301 0.104	0.324 0.137 0.022	0.590	0.002
	Model II	气温年较差 (ART) 植被指数 (NDVI) 最热月均温 (MTWM)	-0.620 0.234 0.076	0.390 0.075 0.011	0.586	0.002
食肉目 Carnivora	Model I	植被指数 (NDVI) 海拔变幅 (ER) 气温年较差 (ART)	0.619 0.382 -0.180	0.467 0.282 0.063	0.684	< 0.001
	Model II	植被指数 (NDVI) 海拔变幅 (ER) 最冷月均温 (MTCM)	0.599 0.437 0.178	0.408 0.375 0.058	0.682	< 0.001
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla	Model I	年降水量 (AP) 海拔变幅 (ER) 最热月均温 (MTWM)	0.418 0.420 -0.407	0.248 0.237 0.206	0.543	< 0.001
	Model II	海拔变幅 (ER) 植被指数 (NDVI) 最热月均温 (MTWM)	0.454 0.400 -0.387	0.266 0.232 0.190	0.533	< 0.001
兔形目 Lagomorpha	Model I	最热月均温 (MTWM) 生态系统类型数 (VEGE) 实际蒸散量 (AET)	-0.599 0.289 -0.182	0.398 0.152 0.058	0.532	< 0.001
	Model II	潜在蒸散量 (PET) 海拔变幅 (ER) 生态系统类型数 (VEGE)	-0.589 0.299 0.139	0.393 0.069 0.030	0.532	< 0.001
啮齿目 Rodentia	Model I	生态系统类型数 (VEGE) 年均温 (MAT) 植被指数 (NDVI)	0.514 0.291 0.214	0.352 0.105 0.058	0.531	< 0.001
	Model II	生态系统类型数 (VEGE) 植被指数 (NDVI) 潜在蒸散量 (PET)	0.528 0.251 0.238	0.354 0.078 0.074	0.514	< 0.001

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