生物多样性 ›› 2008, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (1): 83-90. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07107
收稿日期:
2007-04-06
接受日期:
2007-07-06
出版日期:
2008-01-27
发布日期:
2008-01-27
通讯作者:
杨小波
作者简介:
*E-mail:yangxb62@yahoo.com.cnWenxing Long, Xiaobo Yang*(), Qingshu Wu, Donghai Li, Tao Guo
Received:
2007-04-06
Accepted:
2007-07-06
Online:
2008-01-27
Published:
2008-01-27
Contact:
Xiaobo Yang
摘要:
黑桫椤(Alsophila podophylla)属国家二级保护植物。作者在海南岛五指山山地雨林和低地雨林分别设立样地对黑桫椤种群及其所在群落进行了调查, 分析了热带雨林黑桫椤种群的年龄结构、空间分布格局、数量分布以及群落结构和物种多样性。结果表明, 山地雨林和低地雨林中黑桫椤种群分别为稳定型种群和增长型种群, 都是完全集群分布。低地雨林的黑桫椤平均密度是山地雨林的1.7倍。土壤pH值对黑桫椤种群密度有负的影响, 全磷含量对其有正的影响。山地雨林林地土壤pH值大而全磷含量低, 低地雨林刚好相反。土壤酸碱度和全磷含量的差异是导致两地黑桫椤数量差异的原因之一。pH值对黑桫椤平均密度的影响效应是全磷含量的2.5倍, 说明pH值是影响黑桫椤种群密度的主要因素。黑桫椤所在群落垂直结构分为3个乔木亚层、2个灌木亚层及草本层。山地雨林黑桫椤所在群落的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.957和5.305, 均匀度为0.811; 低地雨林黑桫椤所在群落的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.937和5.484, 均匀度为0.804。总之, 五指山山地雨林和低地雨林的黑桫椤种群年龄结构、分布格局和数量分布都有一定差异, 这些差异是由生境差异造成的。热带雨林黑桫椤所在群落结构复杂, 物种多样性丰富。
龙文兴, 杨小波, 吴庆书, 李东海, 郭涛 (2008) 五指山热带雨林黑桫椤种群及其所在群落特征. 生物多样性, 16, 83-90. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07107.
Wenxing Long, Xiaobo Yang, Qingshu Wu, Donghai Li, Tao Guo (2008) Characteristics ofAlsophila podophylla population and its community in the tropical rainforest in Wuzhi Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 16, 83-90. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07107.
样地 Quadrat | 调查时间 Time | 植被类型 Vegetation type | 位置 Position | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 坡度 Slope | 面积 Area (m2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 2005年11月 Nov. 2005 | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 18?54′0.3′′N, 109?41′21.5′′E | 1,020 | 27-36° | 2,200 | |||||
Q2 | 2005年11月 Nov. 2005 | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | 18?54′18.2′′N, 109?41′0.5′′E | 809 | 30-38° | 2,600 | |||||
Q1A | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 18?54′0.5′′N, 109?41′20.8′′E | 1,015 | 28-35° | 900 | |||||
Q1B | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 18?54′0.2′′N, 109?41′23.2′′E | 1,045 | 27-33° | 1,200 | |||||
Q2A | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | 18?54′18.8′′N, 109?41′0.4′′E | 805 | 32-37° | 600 | |||||
Q2B | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | 18?54′17.45′′N, 109?41′0.89′′E | 815 | 30-36° | 600 |
表1 五指山不同样地的环境条件(样地Q1A和Q1B取自原Q1, 样地Q2A和Q2B取自原Q2。所有样地均位于西南坡向的中部)
Table 1 Environmental condition of different quadrats. Q1Aand Q1B were parts of Q1, while Q2Aand Q2B were parts of Q2. All quadrats were located in the middle section of the southwestern slope of the Wuzhi Mountains.
样地 Quadrat | 调查时间 Time | 植被类型 Vegetation type | 位置 Position | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 坡度 Slope | 面积 Area (m2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 2005年11月 Nov. 2005 | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 18?54′0.3′′N, 109?41′21.5′′E | 1,020 | 27-36° | 2,200 | |||||
Q2 | 2005年11月 Nov. 2005 | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | 18?54′18.2′′N, 109?41′0.5′′E | 809 | 30-38° | 2,600 | |||||
Q1A | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 18?54′0.5′′N, 109?41′20.8′′E | 1,015 | 28-35° | 900 | |||||
Q1B | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 18?54′0.2′′N, 109?41′23.2′′E | 1,045 | 27-33° | 1,200 | |||||
Q2A | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | 18?54′18.8′′N, 109?41′0.4′′E | 805 | 32-37° | 600 | |||||
Q2B | 2006年7月 July 2006 | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | 18?54′17.45′′N, 109?41′0.89′′E | 815 | 30-36° | 600 |
图1 不同样地黑桫椤种群年龄组成。 山地雨林包含Q1A和Q1B样地, 低地雨林包含Q2A和Q2B样地. I: 幼苗阶段(茎高<0.25 m); II: 小型植株阶段(茎高0.25-0.5 m); III: 中型植株阶段(茎高0.5-1 m ); IV: 大中型植株阶段(茎高1-1.5 m); V: 大型植株阶段(茎高>1.5 m)
Fig. 1 Age-structure of Alsophila podophylla population in different quadrats. Quadrats Q1A and Q1B were combined to represent montane rainforest, while quadrats Q2A and Q2B were combined to represent lowland rainforest.Ⅰ, Seedling phase (stem height< 0.25 m), Ⅱ, Small plant phase (stem height between 0.25-0.5 m); Ⅲ, Medium-sized plant phase (stem height between 0.5-1.0 m); Ⅳ, Large and medium-sized plant phase (stem height between 1-1.5 m); Ⅴ, Large plant phase (stem height >1.5 m).
样地 Quadrat | 方差均值比 Variance to mean ratio | Morisita指数 Morisita index | 分布类型 Type | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s2/ ˉ x | t-test | Iδ | F-test | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Q1A+Q1B | 4.42 | 10.77** | 1.52 | 4.41** | 集群分布 Clump | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Q2A+Q2B | 2.91 | 4.48** | 1.15 | 2.91* | 集群分布 Clump |
表2 山地雨林和低地雨林黑桫椤种群空间格局指数
Table 2 Spatial pattern index of Alsophila podophylla population in montane rainforest and lowland rainforest
样地 Quadrat | 方差均值比 Variance to mean ratio | Morisita指数 Morisita index | 分布类型 Type | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s2/ ˉ x | t-test | Iδ | F-test | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Q1A+Q1B | 4.42 | 10.77** | 1.52 | 4.41** | 集群分布 Clump | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Q2A+Q2B | 2.91 | 4.48** | 1.15 | 2.91* | 集群分布 Clump |
样方号 Subquadrat no. | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Q1A | Q1B | Q2A | Q2B | |
1 | 0 | 13 | 8 | 13 |
2 | 0 | 15 | 18 | 4 |
3 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 6 |
4 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 8 |
5 | 3 | 13 | 22 | 4 |
6 | 11 | 7 | 15 | 16 |
7 | 4 | 11 | - | - |
8 | 4 | 0 | - | - |
9 | 14 | 3 | - | - |
10 | - | 3 | - | - |
11 | - | 0 | - | - |
12 | - | 2 | - | - |
变异系数 CV(%) | 99.71 | 80.81 | 30.74 | 58.47 |
表3 山地雨林和低地雨林样地中黑桫椤的种群密度(株数/100 m2)和变异系数(%)
Table 3 Population density (inds./100 m2) and coefficient of variation of Alsophila podophylla in the montane rainforest and lowland rainforest
样方号 Subquadrat no. | 山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Q1A | Q1B | Q2A | Q2B | |
1 | 0 | 13 | 8 | 13 |
2 | 0 | 15 | 18 | 4 |
3 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 6 |
4 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 8 |
5 | 3 | 13 | 22 | 4 |
6 | 11 | 7 | 15 | 16 |
7 | 4 | 11 | - | - |
8 | 4 | 0 | - | - |
9 | 14 | 3 | - | - |
10 | - | 3 | - | - |
11 | - | 0 | - | - |
12 | - | 2 | - | - |
变异系数 CV(%) | 99.71 | 80.81 | 30.74 | 58.47 |
样地Quadrat | 取样深度 Depth (m) | 有机质 Organic matter (g/kg) | 全氮 Total N (g/kg) | 全磷 Total P (g/kg) | 全钾 Total K (g/kg) | pH | 含水量(%) Soil moisture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1A | 0-10 | 59.64±8.60 | 2.58±0.77 | 0.18±0.04 | 45.66±2.83 | 3.99±0.25 | 34.78±2.02 |
10-20 | 57.77±6.23 | 1.70±0.73 | 0.12±0.03 | 83.74±6.88 | 4.40±0.17 | 30.17±4.33 | |
20-30 | 40.56±8.35 | 1.27±0.39 | 0.154±0.01 | 77.75±3.08 | 4.52±0.13 | 30.31±5.41 | |
Q1B | 0-10 | 58.91±7.42 | 5.16±0.63 | 0.16±0.08 | 13.74±3.08 | 3.88±0.36 | 36.00±2.95 |
10-20 | 57.97±6.57 | 2.53±0.54 | 0.19±0.06 | 48.55±2.78 | 4.31±0.55 | 35.08±1.56 | |
20-30 | 41.34±5.44 | 1.18±0.58 | 0.13±0.09 | 44.51±2.32 | 5.44±0.83 | 31.50±1.41 | |
Q2A | 0-10 | 51.51±4.15 | 2.01±0.54 | 0.23±0.03 | 35.27±3.24 | 3.67±0.12 | 30.24±1.43 |
10-20 | 15.48±3.68 | 0.70±0.50 | 0.14±0.06 | 50.04±2.65 | 4.71±0.43 | 28.01±2.38 | |
20-30 | 13.50±7.82 | 0.58±0.67 | 0.15±0.06 | 33.77±4.21 | 4.44±0.21 | 26.63±3.24 | |
Q2B | 0-10 | 50.66±4.83 | 2.79±0.61 | 0.30±0.02 | 44.66±2.58 | 3.97±0.34 | 29.94±1.11 |
10-20 | 28.03±3.35 | 1.74±0.59 | 0.25±0.08 | 35.39±5.16 | 4.21±0.52 | 29.19±1.55 | |
20-30 | 32.83±4.71 | 1.26±0.56 | 0.24±0.09 | 31.19±3.36 | 4.35±0.26 | 26.65±1.87 |
表4 山地雨林和低地雨林黑桫椤种群所在林地土壤成分分析
Table 4 Soil components in woodland of Alsophila podophylla population in the montane rainforest and lowland rainforest
样地Quadrat | 取样深度 Depth (m) | 有机质 Organic matter (g/kg) | 全氮 Total N (g/kg) | 全磷 Total P (g/kg) | 全钾 Total K (g/kg) | pH | 含水量(%) Soil moisture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1A | 0-10 | 59.64±8.60 | 2.58±0.77 | 0.18±0.04 | 45.66±2.83 | 3.99±0.25 | 34.78±2.02 |
10-20 | 57.77±6.23 | 1.70±0.73 | 0.12±0.03 | 83.74±6.88 | 4.40±0.17 | 30.17±4.33 | |
20-30 | 40.56±8.35 | 1.27±0.39 | 0.154±0.01 | 77.75±3.08 | 4.52±0.13 | 30.31±5.41 | |
Q1B | 0-10 | 58.91±7.42 | 5.16±0.63 | 0.16±0.08 | 13.74±3.08 | 3.88±0.36 | 36.00±2.95 |
10-20 | 57.97±6.57 | 2.53±0.54 | 0.19±0.06 | 48.55±2.78 | 4.31±0.55 | 35.08±1.56 | |
20-30 | 41.34±5.44 | 1.18±0.58 | 0.13±0.09 | 44.51±2.32 | 5.44±0.83 | 31.50±1.41 | |
Q2A | 0-10 | 51.51±4.15 | 2.01±0.54 | 0.23±0.03 | 35.27±3.24 | 3.67±0.12 | 30.24±1.43 |
10-20 | 15.48±3.68 | 0.70±0.50 | 0.14±0.06 | 50.04±2.65 | 4.71±0.43 | 28.01±2.38 | |
20-30 | 13.50±7.82 | 0.58±0.67 | 0.15±0.06 | 33.77±4.21 | 4.44±0.21 | 26.63±3.24 | |
Q2B | 0-10 | 50.66±4.83 | 2.79±0.61 | 0.30±0.02 | 44.66±2.58 | 3.97±0.34 | 29.94±1.11 |
10-20 | 28.03±3.35 | 1.74±0.59 | 0.25±0.08 | 35.39±5.16 | 4.21±0.52 | 29.19±1.55 | |
20-30 | 32.83±4.71 | 1.26±0.56 | 0.24±0.09 | 31.19±3.36 | 4.35±0.26 | 26.65±1.87 |
山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种 Species | 相对密度RD | 相对频度RF | 相对显著度RP | 重要值 IV | 物种 Species | 相对密度RD | 相对频度RF | 相对显著度 RP | 重要值 IV |
鸡毛松 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 41.8 | 49.0 | 海南柿 | 8.86 | 6.25 | 13.30 | 28.41 |
陆均松 | 2.76 | 2.77 | 27.76 | 32.29 | 高脚罗伞 | 11.93 | 4.30 | 1.03 | 17.26 |
线枝蒲桃 | 8.39 | 3.7 | 7.02 | 19.11 | 蝴蝶树 | 2.10 | 3.50 | 11.09 | 16.69 |
三角瓣花 | 9.79 | 4.63 | 0.06 | 14.48 | 尖叶杜英 | 0.36 | 0.81 | 14.60 | 15.77 |
五列木 | 4.89 | 4.63 | 3.04 | 12.55 | 三角瓣花 | 10.67 | 4.59 | 0.36 | 15.62 |
药用狗牙花 | 6.98 | 4.53 | 0.28 | 11.89 | 海南粗叶木 | 6.69 | 4.30 | 0.40 | 11.39 |
青蓝 | 5.55 | 4.63 | 0.34 | 10.52 | 短药蒲桃 | 0.56 | 1.18 | 7.37 | 9.03 |
蝴蝶树 | 2.07 | 2.77 | 0.48 | 9.32 | 鸡毛松 | 0.56 | 1.18 | 6.37 | 8.08 |
谷木 | 4.29 | 4.63 | 0.34 | 9.16 | 千层椤 | 1.46 | 2.70 | 1.29 | 6.15 |
柳叶山黄皮 | 2.79 | 3.70 | 0.26 | 6.75 | 岭南酸枣 | 0.36 | 1.18 | 4.30 | 6.02 |
海南虎皮楠 | 2.79 | 3.70 | 0.03 | 6.49 | 线枝蒲桃 | 0.72 | 1.56 | 3.54 | 5.82 |
海南粗叶木 | 4.29 | 1.95 | 0.05 | 6.09 | 红椤 | 1.80 | 3.10 | 0.90 | 5.80 |
子凌蒲桃 | 1.39 | 1.85 | 2.38 | 5.62 | 海南韶子 | 2.16 | 3.10 | 0.40 | 5.66 |
鸭脚木 | 2.07 | 1.77 | 0.68 | 5.52 | 厚壳桂 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 3.19 | 5.65 |
钟氏布渣叶 | 2.34 | 2.70 | 0.23 | 5.27 |
表5 山地雨林和低地雨林黑桫椤所在群落立木的相对密度、相对频度、相对显著度和重要值
Table 5 Relative density, relative frequency, relative prominence, and importance value of standing trees in Alsophila podophylla community in montane rainforest and lowland rainforest
山地雨林 Montane rainforest | 低地雨林 Lowland rainforest | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种 Species | 相对密度RD | 相对频度RF | 相对显著度RP | 重要值 IV | 物种 Species | 相对密度RD | 相对频度RF | 相对显著度 RP | 重要值 IV |
鸡毛松 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 41.8 | 49.0 | 海南柿 | 8.86 | 6.25 | 13.30 | 28.41 |
陆均松 | 2.76 | 2.77 | 27.76 | 32.29 | 高脚罗伞 | 11.93 | 4.30 | 1.03 | 17.26 |
线枝蒲桃 | 8.39 | 3.7 | 7.02 | 19.11 | 蝴蝶树 | 2.10 | 3.50 | 11.09 | 16.69 |
三角瓣花 | 9.79 | 4.63 | 0.06 | 14.48 | 尖叶杜英 | 0.36 | 0.81 | 14.60 | 15.77 |
五列木 | 4.89 | 4.63 | 3.04 | 12.55 | 三角瓣花 | 10.67 | 4.59 | 0.36 | 15.62 |
药用狗牙花 | 6.98 | 4.53 | 0.28 | 11.89 | 海南粗叶木 | 6.69 | 4.30 | 0.40 | 11.39 |
青蓝 | 5.55 | 4.63 | 0.34 | 10.52 | 短药蒲桃 | 0.56 | 1.18 | 7.37 | 9.03 |
蝴蝶树 | 2.07 | 2.77 | 0.48 | 9.32 | 鸡毛松 | 0.56 | 1.18 | 6.37 | 8.08 |
谷木 | 4.29 | 4.63 | 0.34 | 9.16 | 千层椤 | 1.46 | 2.70 | 1.29 | 6.15 |
柳叶山黄皮 | 2.79 | 3.70 | 0.26 | 6.75 | 岭南酸枣 | 0.36 | 1.18 | 4.30 | 6.02 |
海南虎皮楠 | 2.79 | 3.70 | 0.03 | 6.49 | 线枝蒲桃 | 0.72 | 1.56 | 3.54 | 5.82 |
海南粗叶木 | 4.29 | 1.95 | 0.05 | 6.09 | 红椤 | 1.80 | 3.10 | 0.90 | 5.80 |
子凌蒲桃 | 1.39 | 1.85 | 2.38 | 5.62 | 海南韶子 | 2.16 | 3.10 | 0.40 | 5.66 |
鸭脚木 | 2.07 | 1.77 | 0.68 | 5.52 | 厚壳桂 | 0.90 | 1.56 | 3.19 | 5.65 |
钟氏布渣叶 | 2.34 | 2.70 | 0.23 | 5.27 |
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