生物多样性

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气候变化与人类活动影响下的斑海豹栖息地适宜性预测

邢衍阔, 王震, 杜静, 高祥刚, 鹿志创, 王舒扬, 田甲申*   

  1. 辽宁省海洋水产科学研究院, 辽宁大连 116023
  • 收稿日期:2026-06-08 修回日期:2026-08-18 接受日期:2026-10-08
  • 通讯作者: 田甲申
  • 基金资助:
    辽宁省自然科学基金(2025-MSLH-361); 香港海洋公园保育基金(MM01.2526); 香港海洋公园保育基金(AW02.2526); 中国海油海洋环境与生态保护公益基金(CF-MEEC/TR/2026-5)

Prediction of habitat suitability for spotted seals under the impacts of climate change and human activities

Yankuo Xing, Zhen Wang, Jing Du, Xianggang Gao, Zhichuang Lu, Shuyang Wang, Jiashen Tian*   

  1. Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
  • Received:2026-06-08 Revised:2026-08-18 Accepted:2026-10-08
  • Contact: Jiashen Tian

摘要: 斑海豹(Phoca largha)是我国国家一级重点保护野生动物, 也是黄渤海生态系统中的旗舰物种和重要生态指示物种。近年来, 全球气候变化导致海洋生态系统结构变化, 同时航运活动和渔业捕捞等人类干扰持续增强, 多重压力叠加可能影响斑海豹栖息地稳定性及种群长期生存。然而, 气候变化如何驱动斑海豹潜在栖息地变化, 以及未来不同气候情景下其潜在栖息地格局变化仍缺乏系统评估。本研究基于10种物种分布模型算法, 通过受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)和真技能统计量(true skill statistic, TSS)筛选9种表现较优的算法构建组合模型进行预测, 结合6个环境因子和2个人类活动因子, 预测当前及SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下2050s和2100s时期斑海豹潜在适生区变化。结果表明, 组合模型具有较高的预测性能, 平均AUC值为0.87, TSS值为0.69, 显示出较高的预测准确性。变量贡献分析显示, 海表温度是影响斑海豹潜在分布的关键环境因子, 其贡献率高于其他变量, 捕捞强度和船舶交通强度等人为干扰因子的贡献相对较低, 但仍可能通过影响栖息环境质量对斑海豹分布产生潜在影响。在当前气候条件下, 斑海豹潜在适生区主要集中于渤海和黄海北部海域, 呈现明显的近岸分布特征。未来气候情景模拟结果显示, 随着气候变化加剧, 黄渤海大部分区域适宜性明显降低, 呈持续退缩趋势。到2050s, 在SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下, 适生区面积分别减少45.8%、52.1%和65.7%; 到2100s, 分别减少68.9%、95.6%和99.8%。本研究揭示了气候变化背景下斑海豹潜在栖息地收缩趋势及其主要驱动因素, 表明未来海洋升温可能成为影响斑海豹栖息地适宜性的关键因素, 研究结果可为黄渤海海洋生态保护、斑海豹关键栖息地识别及气候适应性保护管理策略制定提供科学依据。

关键词: 斑海豹, 黄渤海, 物种分布模型, 信标跟踪, 栖息地适宜性

Abstract

Aims: The spotted seal (Phoca largha) as a flagship species in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, plays a significant ecological indicator role. In recent years, the combined effects of climate change and human activities have posed serious threats to its habitat security. This study aims to assess the potential distribution patterns and their changing trends of the spotted seal under current and future climate scenarios, providing scientific basis for the conservation and management of this species. 

Methods: Based on 10 species distribution modeling algorithms, we selected 9 high-performing models using the AUC and TSS metrics to construct an ensemble model for predicting suitable habitats for spotted seals and quantified the contributions of key environmental factors. 

Results: The combined model performs well, with an average AUC value of 0.87 and a TSS value of 0.69, indicating high prediction accuracy. The variable analysis results show that sea surface temperature is the most critical environmental factor affecting the distribution of spotted seals, while fishing intensity and shipping traffic intensity contribute relatively less. Under the current climate conditions, the potential distribution of spotted seals mainly concentrates in the northern regions of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Under future climate change scenarios, the suitable habitats for spotted seals will significantly shrink. In the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the suitable habitat area will decrease by 54.167%, 52.083%, and 65.709%, respectively; by 2100, the habitat area in the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios will decrease by 68.978%, 95.636%, and 99.772%, respectively. 

Conclusion: This study reveals the contraction trend of the potential habitat of the spotted seal under the background of climate change and its main driving factors, which can provide scientific basis for marine ecological protection in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, as well as for the management and protection strategies of the spotted seal's habitat.

Key words: Phoca largha, the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, species distribution models, beacon tracking, habitat suitability