中华白海豚生态学研究进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2022670

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 22670. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022670

中华白海豚生态学研究进展

雍李明¹^,², 张语克²^,³, 赵丽媛²^,³, 曾千慧²^,³, 林龙山¹^,², 高旻昊²^,⁴, 程昊²^,⁴, 王先艳²^,³^,^*()

1.上海海洋大学海洋科学学院, 上海 201306
2.自然资源部第三海洋研究所, 福建厦门 361005
3.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室, 福建厦门 361005
4.中国海洋大学三亚海洋研究院, 海南三亚 572024

收稿日期:2022-12-04 接受日期:2023-03-08 出版日期:2023-05-20 发布日期:2023-03-22
通讯作者: * E-mail: wangxianyan@tio.org.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42076159);福建省自然科学基金(2021J06031);中国-东盟海洋合作基金(HX04-210901)

Research advances on the ecology of Sousa chinensis

Liming Yong¹^,², Yuke Zhang²^,³, Liyuan Zhao²^,³, Qianhui Zeng²^,³, Longshan Lin¹^,², Minhao Gao²^,⁴, Hao Cheng²^,⁴, Xianyan Wang²^,³^,^*()

1. College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306
2. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361005
3. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, Fujian 361005
4. Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, Hainan 572024

Received:2022-12-04 Accepted:2023-03-08 Online:2023-05-20 Published:2023-03-22
Contact: * E-mail: wangxianyan@tio.org.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)是国家一级重点保护水生野生动物, 处于食物链的顶端, 是近岸海洋生态系统健康状况的指示物种和海洋生物多样性保护的旗舰物种, 具有重要的生态、科学和文化价值。自20世纪90年代开始, 中华白海豚的研究逐渐兴起; 近年来, 随着3S技术、生态模型及分子生物学等技术方法的发展应用, 在中华白海豚种群生态学、行为生态学、分子生态学等领域的研究取得了长足发展。国内外学者利用截线抽样法和标志重捕法, 调查研究了全球范围内已知的中华白海豚种群的分布、数量等生态信息; 在物种保护的背景下, 开展了对中华白海豚栖息地的选择偏好、栖息地质量评价及潜在栖息地的预测研究; 探究了中华白海豚的觅食行为和繁殖行为的规律和其他行为的生态意义; 分子生物技术的应用, 初步揭示了中华白海豚的遗传分化规律, 以及该物种对气候变化表现出的脆弱性; 涉海工程、水下噪声、水体污染、渔业活动等人类活动仍是目前中华白海豚面临的主要威胁。本文在总结已有研究的基础上, 对未来该物种的生态学研究与保护提出了以下展望: (1)建立国家层面的动态基线数据库, 以更好地追踪中华白海豚的种群动态及栖息地环境变化; (2)构建栖息地识别及保护评价体系, 开展对中华白海豚关键栖息地和潜在栖息地的识别以及分级管理; (3)从生态系统层面开展栖息地选择机制研究, 结合生态模型探究当前栖息地对中华白海豚的承载力, 进一步探究栖息地水文要素、生物资源以及人类活动等因素对中华白海豚选择栖息地的影响; (4)构建中华白海豚遗传资源库, 探究自然选择-生态影响-遗传进化之间的联系, 以揭示物种进化、适应与濒危的分子机制; (5)为有效应对全球海洋环境变化对中华白海豚的影响, 建议在中华白海豚分布国家间建立科研合作平台及保护管理网络。

关键词: 中华白海豚, 生态学, 进展, 保护

Abstract

Background & Aims: The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) has been listed as the Grade 1 National Key Protected Animal in China. As the top predator of the inshore marine food chain, S. chinensis is an indicator species of the health status of the inshore ecosystem. Due to the important ecological, scientific and cultural values, it is also used as the flagship species for marine biodiversity conservation. Since the 1990s, the studies on S. chinensis have gradually risen, and developed to a new period in recent years along with the application of 3S (RS, GPS, GIS), ecological models, and molecular biological techniques. We summarized the studies of S. chinensis from the aspects of population ecology, behavioral ecology, molecular ecology and the threats that the species faced so far, aiming to clarify the advances in the ecological studies and the contributions to conservation of S. chinensis.
Progress: Ecological information such as distribution and abundance of S. chinensis population known globally in the world has been investigated by domestic and foreign scholars using line-transect sampling and capture-mark-recapture methods. In the context of species conservation, studies on habitat selection preference, habitat quality evaluation and potential habitat prediction of S. chinensis were performed. The rules of foraging behavior and reproduction behavior of S. chinensis were preliminarily understood, and the ecological significance of other behaviors were also explored. With the application of molecular biotechnology, the genetic differentiation of S. chinensis and its vulnerability to climate change have been preliminarily revealed. Human activities such as marine construction projects, underwater noise, marine pollution, and fishery activities are still the main threats to S. chinensis.
Perspectives: Based on the summary of existing studies, we propose the following prospects for the future ecological research and conservation of S. chinensis: (1) Establish a dynamic baseline database at the national level to better track the population dynamics and habitat environment changes of S. chinensis. (2) Establish a habitat identification and conservation evaluation system, and carry out identification and hierarchical management of critical and potential habitats of S. chinensis. (3) Study the habitat selection mechanism from the ecosystem level, combined with the ecological model to explore the carrying capacity of the current habitat to the S. chinensis, and further explore the impact of habitat hydrological factors, biological resources and human activities on the habitat selection of S. chinensis. (4) Construct a genetic resource database for S. chinensis, and explore the links among natural selection, ecological impact and genetic evolution, so as to reveal the molecular mechanisms of species evolution, adaptation and endangerment. (5) In order to effectively deal with the impact of global marine environmental changes on the S. chinensis, it is recommended to establish a scientific research cooperation platform and protection management network among the S. chinensis distribution countries.

Key words: Sousa chinensis, ecology, advance, conservation

雍李明, 张语克, 赵丽媛, 曾千慧, 林龙山, 高旻昊, 程昊, 王先艳 (2023) 中华白海豚生态学研究进展. 生物多样性, 31, 22670. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022670.

Liming Yong, Yuke Zhang, Liyuan Zhao, Qianhui Zeng, Longshan Lin, Minhao Gao, Hao Cheng, Xianyan Wang (2023) Research advances on the ecology of Sousa chinensis. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22670. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022670.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022670

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I5/22670

图/表 3

图1 全球范围内中华白海豚主要地理种群分布及数量, 阴影部分代表中华白海豚分布范围(Jefferson & Smith, 2016; IUCN, 2017)。地理位置含义及数据来源: 国内样点(XM: 厦门湾(Zeng et al, 2020); TWC: 台湾西海岸(Araújo-Wang et al, 2022); HK: 香港(Chan & Karczmarski, 2017); PRE: 珠江口(Chen T et al, 2010); MRE: 漠阳江口(Li et al, 2019); LZB: 雷州湾(Xu et al, 2015); SC: 沙田-草潭(Chen BY et al, 2016); BBG: 北部湾(Chen BY et al, 2016; Lin et al, 2022); WSHN: 海南西南海域(Li et al, 2016)); 国外样点(NBB: 北孟加拉湾(Smith et al, 2015); DO: 泰国Donsak (Jutapruet et al, 2015); SU: 泰国Sukon岛, SI: 泰国Sarai Island (Cherdsukjai et al, 2013); KB: 马来西亚Kuching湾(Poh et al, 2016))。

Fig. 1 Distribution and abundance of major geographical populations of Sousa chinensis in the world. The shaded area represents the distribution area (Jefferson & Smith, 2016; IUCN, 2017). Abbreviations and data sources: Sites in China (XM, Xiamen Bay (Zeng et al, 2020); TWC, Taiwan West Coast (Araújo-Wang et al, 2022); HK, Hong Kong (Chan & Karczmarski, 2017); PRE, Pearl River Estuary (Chen T et al, 2010); MRE, Moyang River Estuary (Li et al, 2019); LZB, Leizhou Bay (Xu et al, 2015); SC, Shatian-Caotan (Chen BY et al, 2016); BBG, Beibu Gulf (Chen BY et al, 2016; Lin et al, 2022); WSHN, Southwest Sea Area of Hainan (Li et al, 2016)); Sites in other countries (NBB, Northern Bay of Bengal (Smith et al, 2015); DO, Donsak, Thailand (Jutapruet et al, 2015); SU, Sukon Island, Thailand; SI, Sarai Island, Thailand (Cherdsukjai et al, 2013); KB, Kuching Bay, Malaysia (Poh et al, 2016)).

表1 中华白海豚对栖息地环境因子的适宜范围

Table 1 Suitable range of habitat environmental factors for Sousa chinensis

环境因子 Environmental factors	研究区域 Survey region
环境因子 Environmental factors	大襟岛海域 Dajin Waters	厦门湾 Xiamen Bay	湛江水域 Zhanjiang Waters	珠江口 Pearl River Estuary	珠江西部河口 Western Pearl River Estuary	马来西亚古晋湾 Kuching Bay, Malaysia
深度 Bathymetry (m)	5-20	5-20	8.46 ± 5.13	5-15	5-20	0-10
离岸距离 Distance to the coastline (km)	0-3	0-1	2.17 ± 2.14	-	0.1-3	-
离河口距离 Distance to river mouth (km)	10-30	-	-	-	0-2	0-5
盐度 Salinity (‰)	10-30	-	-	0-30	-	-
底层水温 Bottom water temperature (℃)	19.3-28.6	-	-	-	17-19.5	-
表层水温 Sea surface temperature (℃)	20-35	-	-	*	-	-
参考文献 Reference	刘宣, 2007^①(①刘宣 (2007) 中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)的栖息地选择. 硕士学位论文, 华南师范大学, 广州.)	陈炳耀等, 2007	Liu et al, 2021	张西阳等, 2015	王新星等, 2018	Kuit et al, 2019

表2 中华白海豚不同地理种群的繁殖参数对比

Table 2 Comparison of reproductive parameters of different populations of Sousa chinensis

种群 Population	研究时期 Research period	繁殖间隔(年) Calving interval (year)	出生高峰(月) Calving seasonality (month)	粗出生率 Crude birth rate	年补充率 Annual recruitment rate	幼仔存活率(0-1岁) Calf survival (0-1 year)	参考文献 Reference
厦门湾 Xiamen Bay	2010-2015	4.27 ± 1.06	3-8	0.053 ± 0.025	0.028 ± 0.024	0.6 ± 0.392	Zeng et al, 2021
珠江口/香港海域 Pearl River Estuary/Hong Kong	1995-2009	5.21 ± 3.98	3-6	-	-	0.61	Jefferson et al, 2012
江门海域 Jiangmen Sea	2013-2019	3.50 ± 0.96	4-9	0.057 ± 0.01	-	0.879 ± 0.070	曾千慧, 2021
台湾西海岸 Taiwan West Coast	2007-2011	3.26 ± 1.23	5-10	0.046 ± 0.02	0.041 ± 0.014	0.667	Chang et al, 2016
雷州湾 Leizhou Bay	2005-2012	-	8-10	-	-	-	Xu et al, 2015

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中华白海豚生态学研究进展

Research advances on the ecology of Sousa chinensis

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