生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 21424.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021424

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇    下一篇

海口和三亚两城市破碎化林地中鸟类群落多样性与嵌套分布格局

田璐嘉, 杨小波(), 李东海, 李龙, 陈琳, 梁彩群, 张培春, 李晨笛   

  1. 海南大学生态与环境学院, 海口 570228
  • 收稿日期:2021-10-25 接受日期:2022-02-10 出版日期:2022-06-20 发布日期:2022-02-28
  • 通讯作者: 杨小波
  • 作者简介:* E-mail: yanfengxb@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31760170)

Species diversity and nestedness of bird assemblages in the forest fragments of Haikou and Sanya cities

Lujia Tian, Xiaobo Yang(), Donghai Li, Long Li, Lin Chen, Caiqun Liang, Peichun Zhang, Chendi Li   

  1. School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228
  • Received:2021-10-25 Accepted:2022-02-10 Online:2022-06-20 Published:2022-02-28
  • Contact: Xiaobo Yang

摘要:

城市化是生物多样性快速丧失的主要原因之一。鸟类作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分, 其生物多样性格局和物种保护已成为城市生态学研究的热点。为揭示城市化过程中城区和郊区破碎化林地中鸟类群落的多样性差异和嵌套格局, 本研究于2021年春、夏季鸟类繁殖期采用样线法对海口和三亚市的城区、郊区共13个林地斑块中的鸟类群落进行调查。使用NODF (nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill)和WNODF (weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill)方法进行嵌套格局分析。研究发现: (1)共记录到林鸟100种, 隶属于11目39科, 其中三亚郊区的鸟类丰富度最高, 共8目29科68种。记录到国家重点保护鸟类共18种, 其中两城市郊区的国家重点保护鸟类物种数均多于城区, 海口郊区还记录到国家I级重点保护鸟类黄胸鹀(Emberiza aureola)。(2)鸟类群落多度、物种丰富度、Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在不同区域中均存在差异。海口城区的鸟类群落多度显著高于海口郊区(P < 0.05), 三亚郊区的鸟类群落物种丰富度、Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著高于三亚城区和海口郊区(P < 0.05)。(3)嵌套分析结果表明, 海口和三亚市的城区、郊区林地鸟类群落均呈现反嵌套分布格局。线性回归分析显示, 三亚市城区和郊区的斑块面积与鸟类物种丰富度呈显著正相关, 而物种丰富度与斑块距最近大面积林地的距离之间无显著相关性。研究表明, 两城市鸟类群落多样性都表现出郊区高于城区的特点, 少数优势种(如白头鹎 Pycnonotus sinensis)占据了城市中的主要生态位。受城市化的影响, 海口郊区与城区鸟类群落有同质化的趋势。鸟类在城区和郊区斑块间的高流动性、种间竞争和斑块中资源的可利用性等因素可能导致斑块间鸟类群落的反嵌套分布格局。我们建议应加强城区和郊区鸟类的保护, 减少对林地的破坏, 提高城市鸟类多样性。

关键词: 城市化, 郊区, 物种丰富度, 嵌套格局

Abstract

Aims: Urbanization is one of the main causes of the rapid loss of biodiversity. Urban birds are an important part of the urban ecosystem, and their biodiversity patterns as well as species conservation have become the hotspots of urban ecology research. This study aims to reveal the diversity and nestedness of bird communities on the fragmented woodlots in urban and suburb areas, so as to provide data support for the protection of bird diversity in urban ecosystems.
Methods: We surveyed the diversity of birds on 13 urban and suburb woodlots of Haikou and Sanya cities. We used line-transect method and sampled the birds during two breeding seasons (spring and summer) of 2021. We analyzed the nestedness of the bird communities by using the NODF (nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill) and WNODF (weighted nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill). We used linear modelling to examine the relationships between the species richness and patch characteristics (area, the distance to the nearest larger woodlot).
Results: (1) We recorded 100 forest birds in total, which belong to 11 orders and 39 families. The species richness was higher in Sanya suburb, with 68 forest birds belonging to 8 orders and 29 families. We recorded 18 species of the national key protected birds and the number of the protected species in suburb were higher than other in urban regions. We recorded the yellow-breasted bunting (e.g. Emberiza aureola) in Haikou suburb, which is the first-class state protection bird in China. (2) There were significant differences in the abundance, species richness, Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of bird assemblages among four regions. The abundance of birds in urban of Haikou was significantly higher than in suburb of Haikou (P < 0.05). The species richness, Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of bird assemblages in suburb of Sanya were both significantly higher than in urban of Sanya and suburb of Haikou (P < 0.05). (3) The results of nestedness analysis showed that the bird assemblages were anti-nested among the woodlots in two cities. The bird species richness was only significantly and positively correlated with woodlots area in Sanya. The distance to the nearest larger woodlot had no significant effect on bird species richness in two cities.
Conclusion: Our study showed that the species diversity of bird assemblages overall was higher in the suburb areas than in the urban. The niche of avian communities in urban was dominated by a handful of species (e.g. Pycnonotus sinensis). The high urbanization of the Haikou City might induce the homogenization of bird assemblages between the suburb and urban areas. The anti-nested distributed structure of bird species may be the result of the high mobility, the interspecific competition of the birds, or the availability of food resources in the woodlots. We recommend that the conservation of birds in both urban and suburban areas should strengthened, and the destruction of woodlots should be prohibited to improve the diversity of birds.

Key words: urbanization, suburb, species richness, nestedness