生物间非传递性竞争研究进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2021282

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物间的竞争关系是决定群落中物种共存和生物多样性的关键因素。传统研究主要关注物种两两之间的竞争作用, 而对多物种相互竞争形成的网络研究相对较少。近年来, 类似于“石头-剪刀-布”游戏的非传递性竞争被认为是一种重要的物种共存和生物多样性的维持机制, 越来越受到生态学家们的关注。本文首先回顾了非传递性竞争定义的发展过程, 并介绍了非传递环的不同结构。其次介绍了基于竞争结局矩阵以及入侵增长率的非传递性竞争度量指标, 并对比不同指标的特点与适用情形。随后通过多个研究实例介绍了非传递性竞争在自然群落中的普遍性, 并指明物种之间的权衡是非传递性竞争产生的生物学机制。最后介绍了非传递性竞争对生物多样性与生态系统功能的影响。非传递性竞争本质上是物种两两之间相互作用的组合, 是只包含单一作用类型的特殊网络结构。因此, 非传递性竞争如何影响生物多样性-生态系统功能关系和群落稳定性, 如何受到环境与高阶相互作用的影响, 以及如何将竞争网络拓展到包含不同相互作用类型的生态网络, 将是未来非传递性竞争研究的重要方向。对非传递性竞争的研究有助于整合生物间的各种相互作用, 构建更加现实合理的生态网络, 并加深对物种共存和生物多样性维持机制的认识, 进而有助于指导生物多样性的保护和恢复工作。

关键词: 非传递性竞争, 链式相互作用, 间接相互作用, 生物多样性, 生态网络

Abstract

Background & Aims Interactions between organisms, especially competitive interactions, are of central importance to species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance. Previous studies focused primarily on pairwise competition amongst species, which often failed to explain the maintenance of biodiversity in communities. Intransitive competition, similar to the ‘rock-paper-scissors’ game, is acknowledged as an important alternative mechanism of species coexistence and biodiversity and has recently garnered the attention of researchers.

Progress First, we reviewed the development of defining intransitive competition from traditional interspecific intransitive triplets to weak, pairwise, and intraspecific intransitive competition. We introduced different forms of intransitive competition networks including simple intransitive triplets and nested competitive networks. Second, we introduced the measurements of intransitivity based on a competitive outcomes matrix and invasive population growth rate and compared their performances. Third, we demonstrated the prevalence of intransitive competition in natural communities of different taxonomic groups (such as plants, animals, and microorganisms) and its underlying mechanisms such as resource access, life stage cycle, behavioral tradeoffs, tradeoffs between resource consumption and growth rate, and allelopathy. Finally, we discussed recent research that explores the effects of intransitive competition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Prospect Intransitive competition is essentially combinations of pairwise interactions of a single interaction type. Future research should focus its effects on the relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and community stability, the effects of environments and higher-order interactions on intransitive competition, and move away from competitive networks to ecological networks consisting of multiple types of interactions. Advances in research on intransitive competition will improve our understanding of species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance, as well as provide guidance in biodiversity conservation and restoration.

Key words: intransitive competition, interaction chain, indirect interaction, biodiversity, ecological network

黄正良, 刘翰伦, 储诚进, 李远智 (2022) 生物间非传递性竞争研究进展. 生物多样性, 30, 21282. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021282.

Zhengliang Huang, Hanlun Liu, Chengjin Chu, Yuanzhi Li (2022) Advances in intransitive competition between organisms. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21282. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021282.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021282

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I2/21282

图/表 2

图1 传递与非传递性竞争网络的各种结构。不同字母代表不同物种, 同一字母不同数字代表不同基因型或表型。单向箭头指向胜利者, 其中虚线代表竞争关系的改变; 双向箭头表示竞争结局不确定, 竞争双方胜率相等。a: 三物种传递性竞争; b: 三物种非传递性竞争; c: 同一物种三种基因型或表型之间的非传递性竞争; d: 两物种非传递性竞争; e: 三物种弱非传递性竞争; f: 非传递性竞争奇数环; g: 非传递性竞争偶数环; h: 三物种非传递性竞争嵌套在六物种非传递性竞争中; i: 四物种非传递性竞争嵌套在六物种非传递性竞争中。

Fig. 1 Forms of transitive and intransitive competitive networks between species (different letters) or genotypes/phenotypes (same letter with different numbers). One-way arrow points to the winner, with dash line indicating competitive reversal. Two-way arrow indicates uncertain competitive outcomes. a, Transitive competition between three species; b, Intransitive competition between three species; c, Intransitive competition between three genotypes/phenotypes of the same species; d, Intransitive competition between two species; e, Weak intransitive competition between three species; f, Intransitive odd loop; g, Intransitive even loop; h, An intransitive triplet nested in a six-species intransitive loop; i, A four-species intransitive loop nested in a six-species intransitive loop.

表1 使用不同指标度量竞争网络非传递性的示例

Table 1 Examples of calculating intransitivity of different competitive networks in different metrics

非传递性指标 Metrics of intransitivity
d (非传递性三元环的数量 The number of intransitive triplets)	0	1	5
I (转换为等级性竞争所需最少竞争关系转换数 The minimum number of competitive reversals to convert a network to a hierarchy)	0	1	3
δ' (参与非传递环的竞争关系数量 The number of interactions embed in intransitive triplets)	0	3	10
v (竞争能力的差异性 The difference of competitive strength)	0	1	3
u (是否存在绝对优势种 The presence of unbeatable species)	1	1	0
a (是否存在绝对劣势种 The presence of always-beatable species)	1	1	0

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