小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区植物beta多样性及其影响因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2021274

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 21274. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021274

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 下一篇

小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区植物beta多样性及其影响因素

佘丹琦¹, 张喜亭¹, 肖路², 仲召亮¹, 王慧梅¹, 王文杰¹^,²^,^*()

1.东北林业大学森林植物生态学教育部重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150040
2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所湿地生态与环境重点实验室, 长春 130102

收稿日期:2021-07-11 接受日期:2021-11-15 出版日期:2022-03-20 发布日期:2022-01-30
通讯作者: 王文杰
作者简介:*E-mail: wwj225@nefu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41730641);国家自然科学基金(31670699);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572018AA19);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572021DT03);黑龙江省头雁计划支持项目

Plant beta diversity and its influence factors in the Liangshui National Nature Reserve in the central region of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains

Danqi She¹, Xiting Zhang¹, Lu Xiao², Zhaoliang Zhong¹, Huimei Wang¹, Wenjie Wang¹^,²^,^*()

1 Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040
2 Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102

Received:2021-07-11 Accepted:2021-11-15 Online:2022-03-20 Published:2022-01-30
Contact: Wenjie Wang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自然保护区如何设置才能够最大程度保护生物多样性, 是保护生物学的研究热点; 阐明beta多样性特征、组分格局及其影响因素是保护生物学的重要基础。本研究选取小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区不同功能区(核心区、缓冲区、实验区)及毗邻地区(保护区外)共80块样方作为研究对象, 调查每块样方的保护位置(经纬度、海拔、坡位、坡度、坡向)和群落结构(郁闭度、林龄、乔木树高、胸径、灌木树高、地径), 并采集0-20 cm土壤样品, 测定土壤理化性质(有机碳、全氮、pH值、电导率、含水量、容重)。将样方间的beta多样性分解为物种周转和物种多度差异两种组分, 通过Mantel分析、冗余分析和方差分解分析解析非生物因子(地理地形、保护强度、土壤因子)和生物因子(群落结构)对beta多样性及其组分的影响。结果表明: (1)乔、灌、草3层中, 物种周转组分对于beta多样性的贡献均占主导地位(65%-73%), 物种多度差异贡献较小。(2) Mantel检验结果表明, 乔、灌、草3层beta多样性及其组分与地理地形指标显著相关的因子最多; 土壤因子只对乔木层和灌木层beta多样性及组分有影响, 对草本层影响不大。其中坡位、坡度、乔木树高和保护强度均与保护区乔、灌、草3层beta多样性显著正相关(P < 0.05)。(3)植物整体beta多样性受地理地形影响最大, 但存在乔、灌、草差异。乔木层beta多样性受生物因子影响最大; 灌木层的土壤因子解释力分别为地理地形和生物因子的2倍; 而草本层主要受地理地形的影响, 其解释力分别是土壤和生物因子的26倍和3倍。乔木胸径对植物beta多样性差异具有最大的解释作用。本研究结果表明, 未来保护区设置需要根据保护植物的类型, 选择适当的林分结构、土壤和地理地形等, 以增强保护区植物多样性保护的效果。

关键词: beta多样性, 物种周转, 多度差异, 保护强度, 东北森林带

Abstract

Aims In biological conservation sciences, implementing nature reserves to protect biological diversity is a hot topic. Specifying plant beta diversity, structural components, and influence factors is the critical basis for creating nature reserves.

Methods In this paper, a national nature reserve named Liangshui, located in the central region of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains, was used to survey 80 quadrats in the size of 20 m × 20 m in the core zone, buffer zone, experimental zone, and outside the reserve. We recorded topographic information (Longitude and latitude, altitude, slope, slope aspect, and slope position), community structure (canopy density, tree age, tree height, tree diameter at breast height (DBH), shrub height, and shrub ground diameter), and species name for each tree, shrub, and herb. We also sampled 0-20 cm soils for soil property determination (soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, electroconductibility, soil water content, and bulk density). Abundance data was used for beta diversity calculation as well as computing species abundance differences and species turnover. The Mantel test, redundancy ordination, and variation partitioning were used to examine the effects of abiotic factors (geography and terrain, protection intensity, soil matrix) and biological factors (community structure) on beta diversity and its partitioning components.

Results (1) Species turnover contributed most to the overall beta diversity (Sørensen dissimilarity) for all layers with a range from 65% (for shrub) to 73% (for herb). (2) Mantel correlation analysis indicated that beta diversity, their two components of abundance differences and species turnover, had close associations with the geography and terrain in the arbor, shrub, and herb layer. In contrast, soil properties expressed more association with beta diversity from the arbor and shrub layer. The slope position, slope degree, tree height, and protection intensity were significantly associated with beta diversity in 3 layers (P< 0.05). (3) Variation partitioning and redundancy analysis ordination indicated that geography and terrain affected the beta diversity of whole forests of the reserve significantly, but differences existed between arbor, shrub and herb layers. The arbor beta diversity was most influenced by biological factors. In contrast, the shrub layer was mainly affected by soil factors, twice more than the geography and terrain and biological factors. In the herb layer, the geography and terrain contributed the most to variation, at a rate of respectively 26-fold and 3-fold higher than that from soil factors and biological factors. Tree DBH had the most significant explanatory effect on the beta diversity variations in the reserve.

Conclusion Our findings highlights that nature reserve settlements in the future should consider combining assemblage of the proper community structure of the arbor, shrub, and herb layers, and soil factors, rather than only emphasis on protection intensity. Such steps will improve the conservation efficiency for plant diversity protection.

Key words: beta diversity, species turnover, species abundance difference, protection intensity, Northeast China forest belt

佘丹琦, 张喜亭, 肖路, 仲召亮, 王慧梅, 王文杰 (2022) 小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区植物beta多样性及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 30, 21274. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021274.

Danqi She, Xiting Zhang, Lu Xiao, Zhaoliang Zhong, Huimei Wang, Wenjie Wang (2022) Plant beta diversity and its influence factors in the Liangshui National Nature Reserve in the central region of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21274. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021274.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021274

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I3/21274

图/表 5

图1 Beta多样性(Btotal)及其物种周转组分(Repl)和物种多度差异组分(AbDiff)特征频率分布箱线图

Fig. 1 The relationship of taxonomic and functional trait beta diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of macrobenthic communities with difference in geographic distance

图2 乔木层(a)、灌木层(b)、草本层(c) beta多样性(Btotal)及其物种周转组分(Repl)和物种多度差异组分(AbDiff)三角图。图中每个黑点表示一个样方对, 其位置由物种组成相似性(S = 1 - Btotal)、Repl和AbDiff决定, 三者之和等于1。灰色大点表示平均值。

Fig. 2 Triangle figures for arbor (a), shrub (b), and herb (c) of plant beta diversity (Btotal), and its components of species turnover (Repl) and abundance differences (AbDiff). Each black dot represents a pair of sites. Their positions were determined by a triplet of values from the species composition similarity (S = 1 - Btotal), Repl, and AbDiff; each triplet sums to 1. The larger grey dots represent the mean values.

表1 Beta多样性(Btotal)及其物种周转组分(Repl)和物种多度差异组分(AbDiff)与地理地形、保护强度、土壤因子、生物因子相关性的Mantel检验

Table 1 Mantel correlations analysis between beta diversity (Btotal), its components of species turnover (Repl) and abundance differences (AbDiff) and geography and terrain, protection intensity, soil factors and biological factors

		乔木层 Arbor layer			灌木层 Shrub layer			草本层 Herb layer
		Sørensen index	Ab_Diff	R_epl	Sørensen index	Ab_Diff	R_epl	Sørensen index	Ab_Diff	R_epl
地理地形 Geography and terrain	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	0.079^**	0.01	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.02	0.06	-0.06	0.1^**
	海拔 Altitude	0.21^***	0.21^*	0.01	0.07	0.07	<0.001	0.18^***	0.06	0.07
	坡度 Slope	0.2^***	-0.01	0.174^**	0.18^**	0.03	0.12^*	0.3^***	0.05	0.16^***
	坡位 Slope position	0.35^***	0.14^***	0.182^***	0.18^***	0.09^*	0.08^**	0.13^***	0.05	0.05*
	坡向 Aspect	-0.08	0.02	-0.08	-0.07	-0.08	0.01	-0.01	-0.04	0.03
保护强度 Protection intensity		0.14^***	0.12^***	0.02	0.1^**	0.06	0.03	0.08^**	-0.01	0.07^**
土壤因子 Soil factors	有机碳 Soil organic carbon	0.03	-0.04	0.06	0.05	0.09	-0.03	-0.01	-0.01	<0.001
	全氮 Total nitrogen	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.16^**	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.02	0.03
	C : N	-0.06	0.004	-0.05	0.01	-0.06	0.06	-0.02	<0.001	-0.01
	pH	0.05	0.13^*	-0.06	0.09	0.03	0.05	-0.04	<0.001	-0.03
	电导率 Electroconductibility	0.05	-0.08	0.02	-0.003	0.11	-0.09	-0.01	-0.01	<0.001
	容重 Soil bulk density	0.04	0.04	0.003	0.13^*	0.11	0.02	-0.003	-0.01	0.01
	含水量 Soil water content	0.09^*	0.07	0.16	0.21^**	-0.01	0.18^*	0.07	0.02	0.03
生物因子 Biological factors	郁闭度 Canopy density	0.06^*	0.01	0.05	0.008	-0.04	0.04	0.06	0.03	0.01
	林龄 Forest age	0.28^***	0.42^***	-0.1	0.08	0.07	0.004	0.08	0.02	0.03
	乔木树高 Tree height	0.24^***	-0.01	0.21^***	0.14^**	0.07	0.05	0.11^*	-0.06	0.13^***
	乔木胸径 Tree DBH	0.18^***	0.45^***	-0.21	0.05	0.02	0.03	0.09^*	0.03	0.03
	灌木树高 Shrub height	0.05	0.04	-0.01	0.12^*	0.14^*	-0.02	-0.03	0.01	-0.03
	灌木地径 Shrub ground diameter	0.02	-0.02	0.03	0.16^**	0.17^*	0.01	-0.08	<0.001	-0.06

表1 Beta多样性(Btotal)及其物种周转组分(Repl)和物种多度差异组分(AbDiff)与地理地形、保护强度、土壤因子、生物因子相关性的Mantel检验

		乔木层 Arbor layer			灌木层 Shrub layer			草本层 Herb layer
		Sørensen index	Ab_Diff	R_epl	Sørensen index	Ab_Diff	R_epl	Sørensen index	Ab_Diff	R_epl
地理地形 Geography and terrain	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	0.079^**	0.01	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.02	0.06	-0.06	0.1^**
	海拔 Altitude	0.21^***	0.21^*	0.01	0.07	0.07	<0.001	0.18^***	0.06	0.07
	坡度 Slope	0.2^***	-0.01	0.174^**	0.18^**	0.03	0.12^*	0.3^***	0.05	0.16^***
	坡位 Slope position	0.35^***	0.14^***	0.182^***	0.18^***	0.09^*	0.08^**	0.13^***	0.05	0.05*
	坡向 Aspect	-0.08	0.02	-0.08	-0.07	-0.08	0.01	-0.01	-0.04	0.03
保护强度 Protection intensity		0.14^***	0.12^***	0.02	0.1^**	0.06	0.03	0.08^**	-0.01	0.07^**
土壤因子 Soil factors	有机碳 Soil organic carbon	0.03	-0.04	0.06	0.05	0.09	-0.03	-0.01	-0.01	<0.001
	全氮 Total nitrogen	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.16^**	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.02	0.03
	C : N	-0.06	0.004	-0.05	0.01	-0.06	0.06	-0.02	<0.001	-0.01
	pH	0.05	0.13^*	-0.06	0.09	0.03	0.05	-0.04	<0.001	-0.03
	电导率 Electroconductibility	0.05	-0.08	0.02	-0.003	0.11	-0.09	-0.01	-0.01	<0.001
	容重 Soil bulk density	0.04	0.04	0.003	0.13^*	0.11	0.02	-0.003	-0.01	0.01
	含水量 Soil water content	0.09^*	0.07	0.16	0.21^**	-0.01	0.18^*	0.07	0.02	0.03
生物因子 Biological factors	郁闭度 Canopy density	0.06^*	0.01	0.05	0.008	-0.04	0.04	0.06	0.03	0.01
	林龄 Forest age	0.28^***	0.42^***	-0.1	0.08	0.07	0.004	0.08	0.02	0.03
	乔木树高 Tree height	0.24^***	-0.01	0.21^***	0.14^**	0.07	0.05	0.11^*	-0.06	0.13^***
	乔木胸径 Tree DBH	0.18^***	0.45^***	-0.21	0.05	0.02	0.03	0.09^*	0.03	0.03
	灌木树高 Shrub height	0.05	0.04	-0.01	0.12^*	0.14^*	-0.02	-0.03	0.01	-0.03
	灌木地径 Shrub ground diameter	0.02	-0.02	0.03	0.16^**	0.17^*	0.01	-0.08	<0.001	-0.06

图3 地理地形、保护强度、群落结构与土壤因子对beta多样性特征解释力的方差分解分析。(a)乔、灌、草整体; (b)乔木; (c)灌木; (d)草本。

Fig. 3 Using variation partitioning to analysis the effect of geography and terrain, protection intensity, community characteristics and soil factor on beta diversity characteristics. (a) Arbor-shrub-herb; (b) Arbor; (c) Shrub; (d) Herb.

图4 地理地形、保护强度、土壤因子、群落结构与beta多样性复杂关系的冗余分析(RDA)排序分析(左)和最显著解释因子筛选(右)。T-D: 乔木层beta多样性; T-Ab: 乔木层物种多度差异组分; T-Rep: 乔木层物种周转组分; S-D: 灌木层beta多样性; S-Ab: 灌木层物种多度差异组分; S-Rep: 灌木层物种周转组分; H-D: 草本层beta多样性; H-Ab: 草本层物种多度差异组分; H-Rep: 草本层物种周转组分; Lon. and Lat.: 经纬度; Altitude: 海拔; Slope: 坡度; SP: 坡位; Aspect: 坡向; PI: 保护强度; CD: 郁闭度; FA: 林龄; TDBH: 乔木胸径; TH: 乔木树高; SH: 灌木树高; SGD: 灌木地径; SOC: 土壤有机碳; TN: 全氮; CN: 碳氮比; EC: 电导率; BD: 土壤容重; SWC: 土壤含水量。

Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination between geography and terrain, protection intensity, soil matrix, and community characteristics and beta diversity indices (left) and the most significant explaining factors (right). Btotal, Beta diversity; AbDiff, component of abundance differences; Repl, component of species turnover; T-D, Arbor Btotal; T-Ab, Arbor AbDiff; T-Rep, Arbor Repl; S-D, Shrub Btotal; S-Ab, Shrub AbDiff; S-Rep, Shrub Repl; H-D, Herb Btotal; H-Ab, Herb AbDiff; H-Rep, Herb Repl; Lon. And Lat., Longitude and Latitude; SP, Slope position; PI, Protection intensity; CD, Crown density; FA, Forest age; TDBH, Tree diameter; TH, Tree height; SH, Shrub height; SGD, Shrub ground diameter; SOC, Soil organic carbon; TN, Total nitrogen; CN, C : N; EC, Electroconductibility; BD, Soil bulk density; SWC, Soil water content.

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小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区植物beta多样性及其影响因素

Plant beta diversity and its influence factors in the Liangshui National Nature Reserve in the central region of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains

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