哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议

doi:10.17520/biods.2019378

生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (10): 1276-1285.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019378

哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议

吴淼¹^,²^,^*(), 郝韵¹^,², 张小云¹, 王丽贤¹, 贺晶晶¹^,², 段光正³

1 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830011
2 中国科学院中亚生态与环境研究中心, 乌鲁木齐 830011
3 生态环境部对外合作与交流中心(中国-上海合作组织环境保护合作中心), 北京 100035

收稿日期:2019-12-28 接受日期:2020-03-18 出版日期:2020-10-20 发布日期:2020-10-20
通讯作者: 吴淼
作者简介:*E-mail: wm_xj@126.com
基金资助:
中国科学院中亚生态与环境研究中心国际合作项目(RCEECA-2018-003);国家重点研发项目(2018YFE0207200);生态环境部国际合作及履约项目(22110106029)

Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan

Miao Wu¹^,²^,^*(), Yun Hao¹^,², Xiaoyun Zhang¹, Lixian Wang¹, Jingjing He¹^,², Guangzheng Duan³

1 Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
2 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
3 Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (China Center for SCO Environmental Cooperation), Beijing 100035

Received:2019-12-28 Accepted:2020-03-18 Online:2020-10-20 Published:2020-10-20
Contact: Miao Wu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

哈萨克斯坦位于欧亚大陆腹地, 地处丝绸之路经济带的重要位置。中国与哈萨克斯坦开展生物多样性保护合作, 有助于解决地区生态环境问题和推动“一带一路”倡议的顺利实施。目前国内尚缺乏对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护状况的了解。本文在文献的基础上通过定量和定性分析方法, 从地理环境特征、生物多样性状况、保护成效和需求等维度对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护的总体情况进行了分析。分析结果表明, 哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性丰富, 但也存在着较严重的丧失问题; 哈萨克斯坦政府重视生物多样性保护, 积极承担相关国际履约义务; 在保护管理方面实行多级管理体制, 并与社会经济发展需求相结合, 取得了一定成效。

关键词: 哈萨克斯坦, 生物多样性, 保护, 中哈合作, “一带一路”, 对策建议

Abstract:

Kazakhstan is located in the hinterlands of Eurasia and is an important part of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Cooperation between China and Kazakhstan that is focused on the conservation of biodiversity will help solve regional ecological and environmental problems and promote the smooth implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. China still lacks a basic understanding of Kazakhstan’s biodiversity and the conservation status of different organisms. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we used geographic environmental characteristics, biodiversity status, and different levels of conservation effectiveness to understand the degree of biodiversity present in Kazakhstan. We found that Kazakhstan is rich in biodiversity, but is also at serious risk of losing biodiversity. Kazakhstan's government emphasizes the importance in protecting biodiversity and is active in complying with international obligations. The government has been able to combine the social and economic needs of the nation in implementing a multi-level management system that has been achieved certain results.

Key words: Kazakhstan, biodiversity, conservation, China-Kazakhstan cooperation, One Belt One Road, Countermeasure and Suggestion

吴淼, 郝韵, 张小云, 王丽贤, 贺晶晶, 段光正. 哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(10): 1276-1285.

Miao Wu, Yun Hao, Xiaoyun Zhang, Lixian Wang, Jingjing He, Guangzheng Duan. Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(10): 1276-1285.

图/表 6

参考文献 26

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生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	空间分布 Spatial distribution	主要植物类群 Main plants	主要动物类群 Main animals	景观变化特征 Landscape change
森林草原 Forest steppe	哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 10⁴ ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 10⁴ ha)	森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs	啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds	变化不大 Slightly changed
草原 Steppe	48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 10⁸ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 10⁸ha)	旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs	草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds	农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged
荒漠 Desert	从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 10⁸ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 10⁸ha)	荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes	啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds	荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification
山地 Mountain land	东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 10⁸ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 10⁸ha)	乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation	哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals	西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean	河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea)	山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc.	水鸟等 waterfowls	三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea

生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	空间分布 Spatial distribution	主要植物类群 Main plants	主要动物类群 Main animals	景观变化特征 Landscape change
森林草原 Forest steppe	哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 10⁴ ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 10⁴ ha)	森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs	啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds	变化不大 Slightly changed
草原 Steppe	48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 10⁸ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 10⁸ha)	旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs	草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds	农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged
荒漠 Desert	从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 10⁸ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 10⁸ha)	荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes	啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds	荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification
山地 Mountain land	东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 10⁸ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 10⁸ha)	乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation	哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals	西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean	河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea)	山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc.	水鸟等 waterfowls	三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea

植物多样性 Plant diversity	种数 Species no.	动物多样性 Animal diversity	种数 Species no.
高等植物 Higher plants	5,754	脊椎动物 Vertebrate	890
低等植物 Lower plants	8,000	无脊椎动物 Invertebrate	100,000
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants	600 (404^*)	珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals	224 (128^**)
外来种 Exotic species	500	外来种 Exotic species	-
总计 Total	> 13,000	总计 Total	> 100,000

植物多样性 Plant diversity	种数 Species no.	动物多样性 Animal diversity	种数 Species no.
高等植物 Higher plants	5,754	脊椎动物 Vertebrate	890
低等植物 Lower plants	8,000	无脊椎动物 Invertebrate	100,000
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants	600 (404^*)	珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals	224 (128^**)
外来种 Exotic species	500	外来种 Exotic species	-
总计 Total	> 13,000	总计 Total	> 100,000

类别 Category	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
特别自然保护区总面积 Total area of special nature reserves ( × 10³ha)	23,873.2	23,873.2	24,018.8	24,428.7	24,428.7
各类保护区所占比例 Proportion of various types of protected areas (%)
综合自然保护区(严控的自然保留地和野生环境) Comprehensive nature reserves (strictly controlled natural reserves and natural environments) (%)	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.6	6.6
自然保留地 Natural reserve (%)	9.7	9.7	9.6	11.1	11.1
国家公园 National park (%)	10	10	10.5	10.3	10.3
植物园 Botanical garden (%)	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002
地区级自然公园 Regional natural park (%)	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
自然纪念地 Natural monument (%)	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002
物种或栖息地管理区(禁伐禁猎区等) Species or habitat management area (zone forbidden to tree cutting and hunting) (%)	72.8	72.8	72.4	71.2	71.2

哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议

Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan

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