岩溶洞穴苔藓群落特征及其对重金属污染的指示意义: 以贵州织金洞为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2018109

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (12): 1277-1288. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018109

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

岩溶洞穴苔藓群落特征及其对重金属污染的指示意义: 以贵州织金洞为例

刘润^1,², 张朝晖^1,^2,^*(), 申家琛^1,², 王智慧³

1 贵州师范大学贵州省山地环境信息系统与生态环境保护重点试验室, 贵阳 550001
2 贵州省喀斯特山地生态环境国家重点试验室培育基地, 贵阳 550001
3 贵州师范大学生命科学学院, 贵阳 550001

收稿日期:2018-04-12 接受日期:2018-10-12 出版日期:2018-12-20 发布日期:2019-02-11
通讯作者: 张朝晖
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31360043, 31760043, 31760050)

Community characteristics of bryophyte in Karst caves and its effect on heavy metal pollution: A case study of Zhijin Cave, Guizhou Province

Run Liu^1,², Zhaohui Zhang^1,^2,^*(), Jiachen Shen^1,², Zhihui Wang³

1 Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001
2 State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Karst Mountain Ecology Environment of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550001
3 School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001

Received:2018-04-12 Accepted:2018-10-12 Online:2018-12-20 Published:2019-02-11
Contact: Zhang Zhaohui
About author:# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

岩溶洞穴的开发与利用导致的重金属污染严重威胁洞穴环境及地下水, 因此对洞穴环境的监测具有重要的现实意义。本文通过对典型的暗河型溶洞贵州织金洞内的苔藓群落特征及其重金属污染状况进行研究, 拟揭示苔藓群落对洞穴重金属污染的指示意义。共发现苔藓群落类型34个, 苔藓植物种类20科33属49种, 含苔类8科8属12种, 藓类12科25属37种。优势科为丛藓科、凤尾藓科和提灯藓科, 物种占比率分别为16%、14%、14%。Hg污染超标倍数最高达59.45倍, 在距洞口不同深度均远高于Cr和Zn, 说明洞内Hg污染较为严重。苔藓群落指标随着重金属污染含量的上升总体呈下降趋势。所测定的重金属中基质Hg含量与苔藓群落指标的拟合程度最好, 与其对应的苔藓群落指标均呈显著负相关关系(P < 0.05), 说明苔藓群落特征能够很好地反映洞内Hg污染的变化趋势。RDA排序结果分析表明: 洞穴苔藓群落为适应低光度环境会表现出向光性运动、喜钙生基质、耐重金属等生理特征。蛇苔(Conocephalum conicum)植物体内的Hg含量与其基质Hg含量具有显著相关性(P < 0.05), 说明蛇苔受基质Hg污染影响较大。在今后的治理过程中, 可以考虑将蛇苔作为洞内环境的生物监测材料之一。

关键词: 织金洞, 苔藓群落, 重金属, 监测

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution caused by the development and utilization of Karst caves seriously threatens the cave environment and groundwater. Understanding the pollution dynamics has important practical significance for monitoring the cave environment. Here, the characteristics and heavy metals of the bryophytes in a typical Dark River Cave, Zhijin Cave, in Guizhou province were studied to explore the effect of the bryophyte community on cave pollution. A total of 34 types of bryophyte communities were observed, representing 49 taxa of bryophytes (12 of liverworts, 37 of mosses) in 33 genera (8 of liverworts, 25 of mosses) and 20 families (8 of liverworts, 12 of mosses). The dominant families were Pottiaceae, Fissidentaceae and Mniaceae, comprising 16%, 14%, and 14% of all taxa, respectively. Mercury (Hg) levels were up to 59.45, much higher than Cr and Zn, which indicates that Hg is the most serious pollutant in caves. The bryophyte community index showed a decreasing trend with an increase in heavy metal pollution. The Hg content of the measured heavy metals was significantly negatively correlated with its corresponding bryophyte community indices (P < 0.05), which indicates that the bryophyte community characteristics can accurately reflect the level of Hg pollution within a cave. The RDA sequencing results showed that bryophyte communities in Karst caves adapt to low photometric environment and thus exhibit photopic movement, grow well in Ca substrate and are resistant to heavy metals. The Hg content in the Conocephalum conicum was significantly correlated with its substrate Hg content (P < 0.05). This shows that C. conicum is affected by the substrate Hg pollution. In the future, C. conicum can be used as one of the biomonitoring materials for cave environments.

Key words: Zhijin Cave, bryophyte community, heavy metals, monitoring

刘润, 张朝晖, 申家琛, 王智慧 (2018) 岩溶洞穴苔藓群落特征及其对重金属污染的指示意义: 以贵州织金洞为例. 生物多样性, 26, 1277-1288. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018109.

Run Liu, Zhaohui Zhang, Jiachen Shen, Zhihui Wang (2018) Community characteristics of bryophyte in Karst caves and its effect on heavy metal pollution: A case study of Zhijin Cave, Guizhou Province. Biodiversity Science, 26, 1277-1288. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018109.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2018109

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I12/1277

图/表 7

表1 织金洞内5个样点的生境信息及苔藓群落特征

Table 1 Habitat and bryophyte community diversity of five plots in Zhijin Cave

距入口深度 Distance to entrance	样点描述 Plot description	样方数 No. of plots	Ca含量 Ca content (mg/kg)	光照 Light (lux)	坡度 Slope	pH	湿度 Humidity (%)	温度 Temperature (℃)
80 m	洞壁钙华基质; 阴湿 Cave wall travertine matrix; wet and damp	9	760,805	7.21	20°	7.7	87.1	14.1
60 m	石上薄土; 阴湿 Thin soil on the stone; wet and damp	8	668,208	19.25	30°	7.8	96.4	13.2
40 m	湿石灰土; 入口大厅最平缓处 Wet lime soi; the most gentle place in the entrance hall	7	284,183	36.95	6°	8.0	97.0	13.7
20 m	入口缓坡 Entrance slope	8	454,343	120.5	35°	8.1	96.4	14.8
0 m	入口内外10 m范围内陡坡 Steep slope within 10 m inside and outside the entrance	8	294,232	627	50°	7.9	83.1	16.9

表2 织金洞苔藓群落类型概况。*表示优势群落; D: 优势种; A: 伴生种。

Table 2 A survey of the community types of bryophytes in Zhijin Cave. * Dominant communities; D, Dominant species; A, Associated species.

表3 距洞口不同深度苔藓基质重金属含量(平均值 ± 标准误)/(mg/kg)及其群落指标

Table 3 The content of heavy metal (mean ± SE) (mg/kg) in the substrate of bryophytes at different distance to entrance and it’s community indicators

距洞口深度 Distance to entrance	基质铬 Substrate Cr		基质汞 Substrate Hg		基质锌 Substrate Zn		群落丰富度 Community richness	物种丰富度 Species richness	多样性指数 Diversity index
距洞口深度 Distance to entrance	含量 Content	超标倍数 Times of ultra standard	含量 Content	超标倍数 Times of ultra standard	含量 Content	超标倍数 Times of ultra standard	群落丰富度 Community richness	物种丰富度 Species richness	多样性指数 Diversity index
80 m	72.68 ± 0.83^d	-0.26	0.55 ± 0.01^d	4.00	73.7 ± 0.95^d	-0.24	12	26	7
60 m	100.41 ± 2.65^b	-0.07	0.70 ± 0.01^d	5.36	92.3 ± 0.95^cd	0.05	8	15	5
40 m	178.54 ± 0.75^a	1.80	6.65 ± 0.06^a	59.45	278.4 ± 1.45^a	0.86	5	9	3
20 m	97.31 ± 0.82^c	0.24	5.83 ± 0.09^b	52.00	123.5 ± 1.1^c	0.01	4	13	4
0 m	83.88 ± 1.29^d	1.17	3.47 ± 0.06^c	30.55	216.3 ± 3.35^b	-0.13	7	16	5

图1 织金洞基质重金属含量与苔藓群落指标的关系(数据进行以10为底的对数转换处理)

Fig. 1 Relationship between heavy metal content in substrate and community indexes of bryophytes in Zhijin Cave. Logarithmic conversion processing based on 10 is carried out on the data.

图2 苔藓优势群落与环境因子的冗余分析排序图。优势群落缩写见表2。图中, 实心箭头代表重金属, 空心箭头代表其他环境因子, 星号代表苔藓优势群落; 箭头长短代表该变量对环境因子影响的大小, 各箭头之间的夹角代表变量之间的相关性, 夹角余弦值代表两变量之间的相关性系数; 苔藓群落与线段之间的连线长短代表群落与环境变量之间的对应关系。

Figs.2 RDA ordination diagram between dominant communityof bryophytes and environmental factors. Abbreviations of dominant communities are shown in Table 2. In the figure, solid arrows represent heavy metals, hollow arrows represent other environmental factors, and asterisks represent dominant bryophyte communities. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the influence of the variable on the environmental factors, the included angle between the arrows represents the correlation between the variables, and the cosine value of the included angle represents the correlation coefficient between the two variables;The length of the connection line between bryophyte communities and line segments represents the corresponding relationship between communities and environmental variables.

表4 距洞口不同深度苔藓植物体Hg含量(mg/kg)

Table 4 Hg content of bryophytes at different distance to entrance (mg/kg)

距洞口深度 Distance entrance	粗肋凤尾藓 Fissidens laxus	磷叶藓 Taxiphyllum taxiramum	尖叶美喙藓 Eurhynchium eustegium	蛇苔 Conocephalum conicum
80 m	0.32	-	-	-
60 m	0.14	0.47	0.43	-
40 m	-	-	-	0.67
20 m	0.18	-	-	0.61
0 m	0.27	0.58	0.59	-
均值 Average	0.23	0.53	0.51	0.64

表5 重金属Hg在不同苔藓植物体和其基质含量中的相关性

Table 5 Correlation of Hg between different bryophytes and their substrate contents

	粗肋凤尾藓 Fissidens laxus	磷叶藓 Taxiphyllum taxiramum	尖叶美喙藓 Eurhynchium eustegium	蛇苔 Conocephalum conicum
相关性系数 Correlation coefficient	-0.658	-0.388	-0.361	0.91
P	0.227	0.519	0.551	0.032^*

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岩溶洞穴苔藓群落特征及其对重金属污染的指示意义: 以贵州织金洞为例

Community characteristics of bryophyte in Karst caves and its effect on heavy metal pollution: A case study of Zhijin Cave, Guizhou Province

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