栽培茶树的驯化起源与传播

doi:10.17520/biods.2018006

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4): 357-372. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018006

栽培茶树的驯化起源与传播

张文驹^1,^*(), 戎俊², 韦朝领³, 高连明⁴, 陈家宽^1,²

1 复旦大学生物多样性和生态工程教育部重点实验室, 上海 200438
2 南昌大学生命科学研究院流域生态学研究所, 南昌大学生命科学学院, 南昌 330031
3 安徽农业大学省部共建茶树生物学与资源利用国家重点实验室, 合肥 230036
4 中国科学院昆明植物研究所东亚植物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室, 昆明 650201

收稿日期:2018-01-08 接受日期:2018-03-01 出版日期:2018-04-20 发布日期:2018-09-11
通讯作者: 张文驹
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31670223)和国家重点基础研究计划(2014CB954103)

Domestication origin and spread of cultivated tea plants

Wenju Zhang^1,^*(), Jun Rong², Chaoling Wei³, Lianming Gao⁴, Jiakuan Chen^1,²

1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438
2 Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031
3 State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036
4 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201

Received:2018-01-08 Accepted:2018-03-01 Online:2018-04-20 Published:2018-09-11
Contact: Zhang Wenju
About author:# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

茶作为世界上最重要的饮品之一, 其栽培类型的驯化起源一直是人们关注的热点。本文总结了近年相关研究的进展, 讨论了存在的问题, 并对未来的研究方向提出建议。长江流域及以南地区分布有众多栽培茶树的野生近缘种, 特别集中于云南、贵州、广西等地; 一方面南方各族语言中“茶”发音的相似, 暗示了茶知识起源的单一性, 最可能起源于古代的巴蜀或云南, 另一方面遗传分析揭示栽培的茶存在多个起源中心, 即使Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze的几个栽培变种也可能起源于不同的地区; 文献记载, 茶的栽培中心曾经从西向东再向南迁移, 遗传多样性的变化也揭示了这一可能性, 但考古发现却提示最早的栽培茶可能出现在长江流域的最东部。我们推测在茶知识及栽培品种的传播过程中, 各地野生近缘植物的基因渗入栽培类型中, 或各地居民直接用当地野生茶培育出新的栽培茶类型, 从而导致遗传上的复杂性和语言上的一致性并存。茶树的祖先类型、起源地点、起源时间以及栽培品种的演变历程都还需要更为明确的证据, 未来应该以整个茶组植物为对象, 将茶文化、群体遗传学、谱系地理、人类学、气候变化、考古等多学科研究进行整合分析。

关键词: 栽培茶, 茶组植物, 驯化起源, 茶文化, 遗传多样性

Abstract

Tea is the most popular non-alcoholic beverage in the world. The domestication origin of cultivated tea plants has always been a focus of ecological research. This article summarizes the recent research progress, discusses remaining questions and makes suggestions for future research directions. Many wild relatives of cultivated tea plants are distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and its southern reaches, particularly in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces. The pronunciation of “cha” is similar in the languages of southern ethnic groups, implying a single domestication origin of cultivated tea plants, most likely from ancient Bashu or Yunnan. However, studies on genetic structure reveal that multiple centers occur in the domestication origin of cultivated tea plants. For example, cultivated Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, including some varieties, may have multiple domestication events. According to research from historical text, the cultivation center of tea plants migrated from west to east and then to south, which is supported by changes in genetic diversity. However, the first cultivated tea plant might have arisen in the most eastern region of the Yangtze River Basin based on a recent archaeological finding. We speculate that during the spread of tea knowledge, cultivated varieties introgression occurred from wild relatives to cultivars, or new cultivated tea plants were directly domesticated from local wild tea plants, leading to the genetic complexity and the language consistency of cultivated tea plants. More evidence is needed to confirm the ancestral types, origin sites and time, and domestication processes of cultivated tea plants, and the integration anaylysis of multiple disciplines such as tea culture, population genetics, phylogeography, anthropology, climate change, and archaeology should be more encouraged.

Key words: cultivated tea plant, Sect. Thea, domestication origin, tea culture, genetic diversity

张文驹, 戎俊, 韦朝领, 高连明, 陈家宽 (2018) 栽培茶树的驯化起源与传播. 生物多样性, 26, 357-372. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018006.

Wenju Zhang, Jun Rong, Chaoling Wei, Lianming Gao, Jiakuan Chen (2018) Domestication origin and spread of cultivated tea plants. Biodiversity Science, 26, 357-372. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018006.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I4/357

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种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality			生境^* Habitat^*
1. 大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis Zhang			云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
	1a 大厂茶 var. tachangensis F. C. Zhang		云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
		C. qunquelocularis Chang	广西隆林 Longlin, Guangxi, China			-
		C. tetracocca Chang	贵州普安 Pu’an, Guizhou, China			-
	1b 梳齿茶 var. remotiserrata (Chang et B. H. Wang) Ming		云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			W
		C. remotiserrata Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. jymnogynoides Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南盐津 Yanjin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. nanchuanica Chang et Xiong	重庆南川 Nanchuan, Chongqing, China			-
		C. jingyunshanica Chang et J. H. Xiong	重庆北碚 Beibei, Chongqing, China			-
2. 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Chang et Yu			云南云县 Yunxian, Yunnan, China			C
3. 广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Chang			广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3a 广西茶 var. kwangsiensis Chang		广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3b 广南茶 var. kwangnanica (Chang et Chen) Ming		云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China			W
4. 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melch			云南大理 Dali, Yunnan, China	W & C
		C. changningensis F. C. Zhang, W. R. Ding et Y. Huang	云南昌宁 Changning, Yunnan, China			-
		C. irrawadiensis Burua	缅甸依洛瓦底 Irrawaddy, Burma			-
		C. pentastyla Chang	云南凤庆 Fengqing, Yunnan, China			-
		C. quinquebracteata Chang & C. X. Ye	云南梁河 Lianghe, Yunnan, China			-
		Polyspora yunnanensis Hu	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
		Gordonia yunnanensis (Hu) H. L. Li	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
5. 厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna Chang			云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
	5a 厚轴茶 var. crassicolumna (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
		C. atrothea Chang & H. S. Wang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crassicolumna var. shangbaensis F. C. Zhang	云南镇元 Zhenyuan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crispula Chang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. haaniensis Chang & F. L. Yu	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. makuanica Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南马关 Maguan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. purpurea Chang & B. H. Chen	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. rotundata Chang & F. L. Yu	云南红河 Honghe, Yunnan, China			-
	5b 多萼茶 var. multiplex (Chang & Y. J. Tang) Ming		云南文山 Wenshan, Yunnan, China			W
6. 老挝茶 Camellia sealyama Ming			老挝沙拉湾省 Salavan, Laos			U
7. 秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Chang			广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China			W
		C. glaberrima Chang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
8. 突肋茶 Camellia costata Hu et S.Y.Liang			广西昭平 Zhaoping, Guangxi, China			W
		C. danzaiensis K. M. Lan	贵州丹寨 Danzhai, Guizhou, China			-
		C. kwangtungensis Chang	广东阳山 Yangshan, Guangdong, China			-
		C. yungkiangensis Chang	贵州榕江 Rongjiang, Guizhou, China			-
9. 膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S. Y. Liang et Chang			广西龙州 Longzhou, Guangxi, China			W
10. 防城茶 Camellia fengchengensis Liang et Zhong			广西防城 Fangcheng, Guangxi, China			W
11. 毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla Chang			广东龙门 Longmen, Guangdong, China			W & C
		C. pubescens Chang et C. X. Ye	湖南汝城 Rucheng, Hunan, China			-
12. 茶 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze			中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
	12a 茶(小叶茶) var. sinensis (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality		生境^* Habitat^*
		Thea sinensis L.	中国福建 Fujian, China		-
		C. arborescens Chang & F. L. Yu	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China		-
		C. longlingensis F. C. Zhang et al	云南龙陵 Longling, Yunnan, China		-
		C. oleosa (Loureiro) Rehder	未知 Unknow		-
		C. sinensis f. formosensis Kitamura	中国台湾 Taiwan, China		-
		C. waldeniae S. Y. Hu	中国香港 Hong Kong, China		-
		C. thea Link	未知 Unknow		-
		T. bohea L.	福建武夷 Wuyi, Fujian, China		-
		T. cantonensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. chinensis Sims	未知 Unknow		-
		T. cochinchinensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. grandifolia Salisbury	未知 Unknow		-
		T. olearia Loureiro ex Gomes	未知 Unknow		-
		T. oleosa Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. parvifolia Salisbury, not Hayata	未知 Unknow		-
		T. sinensis var. macrophylla Siebold	台湾 Taiwan		-
		T. sinensis var. parvifolia Miquel	未知 Unknow		-
		T. viridis L	未知 Unknow		-
		Theaphylla cantonensis (Loureiro) Rafinesque	未知 Unknow		-
	12b 大叶茶 var. assamica (Masters) Kitamura		印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		Thea assamica Masters	印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		C. multisepala Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. polyneura Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南绿春 Lüchun, Yunnan, China		-
		C. sinensis var. kucha Chang & H. S. Wang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China		-
	12c 德宏茶 var. dehungensis (Chang & B. H. Chen) Ming		云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		W & C
		C. dehungensis Chang & B. H. Chen	云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		-
		C. manglaensis Chang, Tan et wang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepaloides Chang & H. S. Wang	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China		-
		C. gymnogynoides Chang et Chen	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
	12d 白毛茶 var. pubilimba Chang		广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		W & C
		C. angustifolia Chang	广西金秀 Jinxiu, Guangxi, China		-
		C. dishiensis F. C. Zhang, X. Y. Chen et G. B. Chen	云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepala Chang	广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		-
	12e 高棉茶 var. lasiocalyx (G. Watt) A.P. Das & C. Ghosh^**		柬埔寨 Cambodia		C

种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality			生境^* Habitat^*
1. 大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis Zhang			云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
	1a 大厂茶 var. tachangensis F. C. Zhang		云南师宗 Shizong, Yunnan, China			W
		C. qunquelocularis Chang	广西隆林 Longlin, Guangxi, China			-
		C. tetracocca Chang	贵州普安 Pu’an, Guizhou, China			-
	1b 梳齿茶 var. remotiserrata (Chang et B. H. Wang) Ming		云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			W
		C. remotiserrata Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. jymnogynoides Chang, F. L. Yu et P. S. Wang	云南盐津 Yanjin, Yunnan, China			-
		C. nanchuanica Chang et Xiong	重庆南川 Nanchuan, Chongqing, China			-
		C. jingyunshanica Chang et J. H. Xiong	重庆北碚 Beibei, Chongqing, China			-
2. 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Chang et Yu			云南云县 Yunxian, Yunnan, China			C
3. 广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Chang			广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3a 广西茶 var. kwangsiensis Chang		广西田林 Tianlin, Guangxi, China			W
	3b 广南茶 var. kwangnanica (Chang et Chen) Ming		云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China			W
4. 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W. W. Smith) Melch			云南大理 Dali, Yunnan, China	W & C
		C. changningensis F. C. Zhang, W. R. Ding et Y. Huang	云南昌宁 Changning, Yunnan, China			-
		C. irrawadiensis Burua	缅甸依洛瓦底 Irrawaddy, Burma			-
		C. pentastyla Chang	云南凤庆 Fengqing, Yunnan, China			-
		C. quinquebracteata Chang & C. X. Ye	云南梁河 Lianghe, Yunnan, China			-
		Polyspora yunnanensis Hu	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
		Gordonia yunnanensis (Hu) H. L. Li	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China			-
5. 厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna Chang			云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
	5a 厚轴茶 var. crassicolumna (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		云南西畴 Xichou, Yunnan, China			W
		C. atrothea Chang & H. S. Wang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crassicolumna var. shangbaensis F. C. Zhang	云南镇元 Zhenyuan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. crispula Chang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. haaniensis Chang & F. L. Yu	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China			-
		C. makuanica Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南马关 Maguan, Yunnan, China			-
		C. purpurea Chang & B. H. Chen	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
		C. rotundata Chang & F. L. Yu	云南红河 Honghe, Yunnan, China			-
	5b 多萼茶 var. multiplex (Chang & Y. J. Tang) Ming		云南文山 Wenshan, Yunnan, China			W
6. 老挝茶 Camellia sealyama Ming			老挝沙拉湾省 Salavan, Laos			U
7. 秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Chang			广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China			W
		C. glaberrima Chang	云南屏边 Pingbian, Yunnan, China			-
8. 突肋茶 Camellia costata Hu et S.Y.Liang			广西昭平 Zhaoping, Guangxi, China			W
		C. danzaiensis K. M. Lan	贵州丹寨 Danzhai, Guizhou, China			-
		C. kwangtungensis Chang	广东阳山 Yangshan, Guangdong, China			-
		C. yungkiangensis Chang	贵州榕江 Rongjiang, Guizhou, China			-
9. 膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S. Y. Liang et Chang			广西龙州 Longzhou, Guangxi, China			W
10. 防城茶 Camellia fengchengensis Liang et Zhong			广西防城 Fangcheng, Guangxi, China			W
11. 毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla Chang			广东龙门 Longmen, Guangdong, China			W & C
		C. pubescens Chang et C. X. Ye	湖南汝城 Rucheng, Hunan, China			-
12. 茶 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze			中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
	12a 茶(小叶茶) var. sinensis (C. B. Clarke) Ridley		中国福建 Fujian, China			W & C
种及变种 Species & variety		异名 Synonym	模式产地 Type locality		生境^* Habitat^*
		Thea sinensis L.	中国福建 Fujian, China		-
		C. arborescens Chang & F. L. Yu	云南威信 Weixin, Yunnan, China		-
		C. longlingensis F. C. Zhang et al	云南龙陵 Longling, Yunnan, China		-
		C. oleosa (Loureiro) Rehder	未知 Unknow		-
		C. sinensis f. formosensis Kitamura	中国台湾 Taiwan, China		-
		C. waldeniae S. Y. Hu	中国香港 Hong Kong, China		-
		C. thea Link	未知 Unknow		-
		T. bohea L.	福建武夷 Wuyi, Fujian, China		-
		T. cantonensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. chinensis Sims	未知 Unknow		-
		T. cochinchinensis Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. grandifolia Salisbury	未知 Unknow		-
		T. olearia Loureiro ex Gomes	未知 Unknow		-
		T. oleosa Loureiro	未知 Unknow		-
		T. parvifolia Salisbury, not Hayata	未知 Unknow		-
		T. sinensis var. macrophylla Siebold	台湾 Taiwan		-
		T. sinensis var. parvifolia Miquel	未知 Unknow		-
		T. viridis L	未知 Unknow		-
		Theaphylla cantonensis (Loureiro) Rafinesque	未知 Unknow		-
	12b 大叶茶 var. assamica (Masters) Kitamura		印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		Thea assamica Masters	印度阿萨姆 Assam, India		W & C
		C. multisepala Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. polyneura Chang & Y. J. Tang	云南绿春 Lüchun, Yunnan, China		-
		C. sinensis var. kucha Chang & H. S. Wang	云南金平 Jinping, Yunnan, China		-
	12c 德宏茶 var. dehungensis (Chang & B. H. Chen) Ming		云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		W & C
		C. dehungensis Chang & B. H. Chen	云南德宏 Dehong, Yunnan, China		-
		C. manglaensis Chang, Tan et wang	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepaloides Chang & H. S. Wang	云南潞西 Luxi, Yunnan, China		-
		C. gymnogynoides Chang et Chen	云南勐腊 Mengla, Yunnan, China		-
	12d 白毛茶 var. pubilimba Chang		广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		W & C
		C. angustifolia Chang	广西金秀 Jinxiu, Guangxi, China		-
		C. dishiensis F. C. Zhang, X. Y. Chen et G. B. Chen	云南广南 Guangnan, Yunnan, China		-
		C. parvisepala Chang	广西凌云 Lingyun, Guangxi, China		-
	12e 高棉茶 var. lasiocalyx (G. Watt) A.P. Das & C. Ghosh^**		柬埔寨 Cambodia		C

栽培茶树的驯化起源与传播

Domestication origin and spread of cultivated tea plants

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