云南佤族传统文化对蔬菜种质多样性的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2016324

摘要/Abstract

本文在实地调研的基础上, 对云南沧源县与西盟县传统蔬菜种质资源与佤族传统文化之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明: (1)佤族常用蔬菜110种, 隶属40科85属, 其中栽培蔬菜60种, 野生蔬菜50种。栽培蔬菜包括53个传统品种, 36个引进品种。(2) 1985-2015年来佤族种植蔬菜种类增多, 但传统蔬菜种类呈下降趋势。(3)佤族传统文化从食用蔬菜部位多样性、饮食习惯、祖先情怀、“药食同源”及传统留种换种方式等方面对蔬菜种质资源的保存与传承利用具有重要影响。本文还对传统文化与传统蔬菜种质资源的丧失及影响因素进行了分析, 提出应加强民族传统文化保护以促进当地传统蔬菜种质资源的保护与可持续利用。

关键词: 传统文化, 蔬菜种质资源, 佤族, 云南

Based on field studies, the relationship between traditional vegetable germplasm resources and the traditional culture of the Wa ethnic group in Cangyuan County and Ximeng County of Yunnan Province was explored. Results showed that there were 110 species of vegetable resources used by Wa people frequently, belonging to 40 families and 85 genera, containing 60 species of cultivated vegetables and 50 species of wild vegetables. Cultivated vegetables were divided into 53 traditional cultivars and 36 introduced cultivars. During 1985-2015, home-grown vegetable cultivars used by the Wa people increased, but the cultivars of traditional vegetables decreased. The traditional culture of the Wa people, characterized by diversified utilization of vegetables’ edible parts, eating habits, respect to ancestors, the “homology of medicine and food” and traditional seed reserve and exchange methods, played an important role in the conservation and utilization of vegetable germplasm resources. This paper also analyzed the possible loss and influence factors of traditional vegetable germplasm resources, and suggestions were proposed for strengthening the protection of the traditional ethnic culture, and subsequently, promotion of the protection and sustainable utilization of local traditional vegetable germplasm resources.

Key words: traditional culture, vegetable germplasm resources, Wa people, Yunnan Province

邵桦, 薛达元. (2017) 云南佤族传统文化对蔬菜种质多样性的影响. 生物多样性, 25(1), 46-52.

Hua Shao, Dayuan Xue. (2017) Influence of traditional Wa culture on vegetable germplasm diversity in Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science, 25(1), 46-52.

图/表 3

表1

云南佤族利用的野生蔬菜资源"

种 Species	地方名称 Local name	科 Family	食用部位 Edible parts	食用方法 Edible methods
羽叶金合欢 Acacia pennata	臭菜 Plume acacia	豆科 Leguminosae	嫩茎叶、嫩梢 Tender leaf, stem and shoots	凉拌、与鸡蛋炒食 Salad, fry with eggs
刺五加 Acanthopanax trifoliatus	刺五加 Trifoliate acanthopanax	五加科 Araliaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食 Fry
楤木 Aralia chinensis	刺老包 Chinese aralia	五加科 Araliaceae	嫩芽、叶 Tender leaf and bud	炒食、凉拌 Fry, salad
落葵 Basella alba	木耳菜 White vinespinach	落葵科 Basellaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	煮食、炒食、做汤 Boil, fry, soup
白花羊蹄甲 Bauhinia acuminata	大白花 Snowy bauhinia	豆科 Leguminosae	花 Flower	开水漂洗后煮食、炒食 Boil, fry
密蒙花 Buddleja officinalis	染饭花 Pale butterflybush	马钱科 Loganiaceae	花 Flower	黄色食品染料 A yellow dye for food dyeing
番木瓜 Carica papaya	木瓜 Papaya	番木瓜科 Caricaceae	果实、嫩茎叶、花序 Fruit, tender leaf, stem, inflorescence	生食凉拌 Salad
积雪草 Centella asiatica	马蹄金 Asiatica pennywort	伞形科 Umbelliferae	全草 Whole plant	生食、炒食或做汤 Raw eating, fry, soup
水蕨 Ceratopteris thalictroides	水蕨 Floating fern	水蕨科 Parkeriaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食 Fry
野茼蒿 Crassocephalum crepidioides	革命菜/民国菜 Redflower ragleaf	菊科 Compositae	嫩茎叶、幼苗 Tender leaf, stem and seedling	炒食、煮食、凉拌 Fry, boil, salad
树头菜 Crateva unilocularis	鸡爪菜 Crateva	山柑科 Capparaceae	嫩叶和茎梢 Tender leaf and shoots	炒食、凉拌 Fry, salad
柠檬草 Cymbopogon citratus	香茅草 Lemongrass	禾本科 Gramineae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	香料 Spice
树番茄 Cyphomandra betacea	树番茄 Treetomao	茄科 Solanaceae	果实 Fruit	生食、凉拌、炒食 Eat raw, salad, fry
版纳甜龙竹 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii	甜笋 Hamilton dendrocalamus	禾本科 Gramineae	初生、嫩肥、短壮的芽或鞭 Tender shoots	凉拌、炒食、煮食 Salad, fry, boil
水香薷 Elsholtzia kachinensis	水香菜 Kachin elsholtzia	唇形科 Labiatae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	生食或做汤 Eat raw, soup
枇杷 Eriobotrya japonica	枇杷 Loguat	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	叶 Leaf	切丝生用 Shred and raw eating
芝麻菜 Eruca sativa	芝麻菜 Roquette	十字花科 Cruciferae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食 Fry
刺芹 Eryngium foetidum	阿佤芫荽 Foecid eryngo	伞形科 Umbelliferae	全株或嫩茎叶 Whole plant or tender leaf and stem	佐料 Seasoning
三桠苦 Evodia lepta	小黄散 Thin evodia	芸香科 Rutaceae	叶 Leaf	烘干后做汤 Drying for soup
矮萱草 Hemerocallis nana	黄花菜 Little daylily	百合科 Liliaceae	花 Flower	炒食、煮食 Fry, boil
蕺菜 Houttuynia cordata	折耳根/鱼腥草 Heartleaf houttuynia	三白草科 Saururaceae	根茎、嫩茎叶 Root, stem and tender shoots	凉拌、炒食、腌渍、煮汤 Salad, fry, pickle, soup
马兰 Kalimeris indica	鸡儿菜 India kalimeris	菊科 Compositae	嫩叶、幼苗 Tender leaf and seedling	炒食、凉拌 Fry, salad
山鸡椒 Litsea cubeba	木姜子 Fragrant litse	樟科 Lauraceae	嫩茎叶、果实 Tender leaf, stem and fruit	佐料 Seasoning
杧果 Mangifera indica	杧果 Mango	漆树科 Anacardiaceae	果实 Fruit	生食、腌渍 Raw eating, pickle
火烧花 Mayodendron igneum	炮仗花 Brightred mayodendron	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	鲜花 Fresh flower	开水焯后炒食 Fry after boiling
树头芭蕉 Musa wilsonii	芭蕉 Wilson banana	芭蕉科 Musaceae	假茎和嫩叶、花序 Tender leaf, stem and inflorescence	炒食 Fry
水芹 Oenanthe javanica	水芹菜/野芹菜 Bengal water dropwort	伞形科 Umbelliferae	嫩茎、叶柄、花茎 Tender leaf, stem, petiole and flower	炒食、凉拌 Fry, salad
木蝴蝶 Oroxylum indium	海船 India trumpetflower	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	花、幼嫩的果、嫩叶 Flower, tender leaf and fruit	嫩叶焯水舂食、嫩果炒食或腌渍 Pound leaf, fry or pickle fruit
海菜花 Ottelia acuminata	海白菜 Yunnan ottelia	水鳖科 Hydrocharitaceae	花、嫩叶 Flower and tender leaf	炒食 Fry
连蕊藤 Parabaena sagittata	犁板菜 Sagittate parabaena	防己科 Menispermaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食或做汤 Fry, soup
黄花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum	野芦子 Flaviflorum pepper	胡椒科 Piperaceae	老茎 Old stem	佐料 Seasoning
车前 Plantago asiatica	车前草 Asiatic plantain	车前科 Plantaginaceae	幼株、嫩叶芽 Tender leaf, bud, whole plant	凉拌、炒食、煮食 Salad, fry, boil
苦竹 Pleioblastus amarus	苦笋 Amarus pleioblastus	禾本科 Gramineae	初生、嫩肥、短壮的芽或鞭 Tender shoots	凉拌、炒食、腌渍 Salad, fry, pickle
种 Species	地方名称 Local name	科 Family	食用部位 Edible parts	食用方法 Edible methods
鸡蛋花 Plumeria rubra Acutifolia	马鹿角 Mexican frangipani	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	花、茎 Flower and stem	花瓣炸食、茎枝切片与猪脚煮食 Fry petals, boil stem
香蓼 Polygonum viscosum	香蓼 Viscidhairy knotweed	蓼科 Polygonaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	佐料 Seasoning
马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea	马齿苋 Purslane	马齿苋科 Portulacaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	沸水焯水后凉拌、炒食 Salad, fry
欧洲蕨 Pteridium aquilinum	龙须菜 Bracken fern	蕨科 Pteridiaceae	嫩芽叶 Tender leaf and bud	沸水焯水后凉拌、炒食 Salad, fry
盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	盐肤木 Chinese sumac	漆树科 Anacardiaceae	果实及嫩茎叶 Fruit, tender leaf and stem	果实舂后泡水、凉拌菜的酸源 An acid source for salad
千年不烂心 Solanum cathayanum	苦子 Chinese nightshade	茄科 Solanaceae	果实 Fruit	炒食 Fry
野茄 Solanum coagulans	苦茄 Wild nightshade	茄科 Solanaceae	果实 Fruit	炒食 Fry
刺天茄 Solanum indicum	苦果 Indian nightshade	茄科 Solanaceae	果实 Fruit	炒食 Fry
龙葵 Solanum nigrum	天茄子 Dwarf nightshade	茄科 Solanaceae	嫩叶 Tender leaf	炒食 Fry
少花龙葵 Solanum photeinocarpum	苦凉菜 Violet nightshade	茄科 Solanaceae	幼苗、嫩茎叶 Tender bud, leaf and stem	开水漂烫后凉拌、炒食、做汤 Salad, fry, soup
水茄 Solanum torvum	刺茄 Water nightshade	茄科 Solanaceae	嫩果实 Tender fruit	炒食、油煎 Fry and oil fry
苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus	苦苦菜 Common sowthistle	菊科 Compositae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食、做汤 Fry, soup
甘露子 Stachys sieboldii	宝塔菜 Chinese artichoke	唇形科 Labiatae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食 Fry
蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	蒲公英 Mongolian dandelion	菊科 Compositae	叶、根 Leaf and root	凉拌、炒食、做汤 Salad, fry, soup
苦果 Trevesia palmata	刺通草 Himalayan trevesia	五加科 Araliaceae	嫩果实 Fruit	嫩果水煮后捣烂食用 Boiled and pounded
马鞭草 Verbena officinalis	龙芽草 European verbena	马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	嫩茎叶 Tender leaf and stem	炒食、煮食 Fry, boil
菰 Zizania latifolia	茭白 Fewflower wildrice	禾本科 Gramineae	肉质茎 Succulent stem	炒食或凉拌 Fry, salad

表1

表2

云南佤族传统栽培蔬菜种质资源"

种名 Species	地方品种名 Local cultivar names	种名 Species	地方品种名 Local cultivar names
藠头 Allium chinense	藠头 Rokkyo	黄瓜 Cucumis sativus	地黄瓜、爬架黄瓜、老鼠黄瓜 Ground cucumber, shelf cucumber, mouse-like cucumber
苤菜 Allium hookeri	苤菜 Hooker onion	南瓜 Cucurbita moschata	本地小南瓜、金瓜、老缅南瓜 Local small pumpkin, gold pumpkin, Laos-Burma pumpkin
蒜 Allium sativum	白皮蒜、永广大蒜、紫皮蒜 White garlic, Yongguang garlic, violet garlic	薯蓣 Dioscorea batatas	山药、细山药、紫山药 Chinese yam, thin Chinese yam, purple Chinese yam
细香葱 Allium schoenoprasum	小香葱 Small chive	八角 Illicium verum	八角 Anise
韭 Allivm tuberosum	细叶韭菜 Spire leek	丝瓜 Luffa cylindrical	本地丝瓜 Local towel gourd
苋 Amaranthus tricolor	薏米菜 Yimi edible amaranth	番茄 Lycopersicon esculentum	细番茄、小番茄 Thin tomato, small tomato
花蘑芋 Amorphophallus konjac	魔芋 Konjak	薄荷 Mentha haplocalyx	薄荷 Mint
冬瓜 Benincasa hispida	老缅冬瓜 Laos-Burma wax gourd	苦瓜 Momordica charantia	勐阿苦瓜 Menge bitter gourd
节瓜 Benincasa hispida var. chiehqua	小冬瓜 Small wax gourd	荆芥 Nepeta cataria	金戒子 Tenuifolia
芥菜 Brassica juncea	大青菜、佤族青菜、紫青菜 Chinese cabbage, Wa cabbage, violet cabbage	紫苏 Perilla frutescens	白苏子、黑苏子 White perilla, black perilla
蕉芋 Canna edulis	蕉芋 Banana-like taro	豌豆 Pisum sativum	豌豆 Pea
朝天椒 Capsicum annuum var. conoides	朝天辣、小寨辣 Upturned pepper, Xiaozhai pepper	佛手瓜 Sechium edule	佛手瓜 Chocho
簇生椒 Capsicum annuum var. fasciculatum	他朗辣子 Talang pepper	茄子 Solanum melongena	本地白茄、本地紫茄 Local white eggplant, local voilet eggplant
小米辣 Capsicum frutescens	白皮小米辣、小米辣、老鼠屎辣、涮涮辣 White pepper, Xiaomi pepper, mouse dung-like pepper, Shuanshuan pepper	香椿 Toona sinensis	香椿 Chinese toon
芋 Colocasia esculenta	班帅芋头、那卡大麻芋、紫芋 Banshuai taro, Naka big taro, violet taro	豇豆 Vigna unguiculata	本地豆角 Local cowpea
大野芋 Colocasia gigantea	滴水芋 Dishui taro	花椒 Zanthoxylum bungeanum	花椒 Pepper
芫荽 Coriandrum sativum	细叶芫荽 Spire Chinese parsley	姜 Zingiber officinale	黄姜 Yellow ginger

表2

图1

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