Progress and analysis on the management effectiveness evaluation of protected area based on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11th in China

doi:10.17520/biods.2020061

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Effective management in protected areas is an important prerequisite for achieving the goal of protected areas. One of the key indicators for achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 was for the Convention on Biological Diversity party to accomplish 60% and higher area of protected area before 2015. However, according to the Fifth National Report on China’s Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2014, there “lacked sufficient data” indicating progress of management effectiveness for protected areas as determined by Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. Discussing the performance of China’s Aichi Biodiversity Targets on the eve of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity will be beneficial to showcase China’s biodiversity conservation achievements and provide a basis for scientific decision-making on the development of this protected area.
Methods: Based on the data from relevant Chinese government departments, international organizations, research institutions and literature on the effective management of protected areas in China, this study summarized and analyzed the progress of management effectiveness of protected areas as determined by Aichi Biodiversity Target 11.
Results: The results show, as indicated by Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 that management effectiveness evaluation of 60% and higher of China’s protected areas before 2015 was achieved. Currently, the protected areas under management effectiveness evaluation has reached 1.3619 million km², accounting for 72.99% of China’s protected areas (1.8660 million km²). Management effectiveness of China’s protected areas attracted attention from multi-groups. The data of this study are quite different from the data from the World Database on Protected Areas and the Global Database on Protected Area Management Effectiveness. There are various tools to evaluate the management effectiveness of protected areas in China. There are significant differences in the amount of progress made in management effectiveness depending on the protected area. Standardization and persistency of management effectiveness in protected areas need to be improved.
Conclusions and Suggestions: Based on our results, we propose the the following management practices: (1) strengthening connectivity and integrity of protected areas; (2) referring to the evaluation framework of World Commission of Protected Areas and the Green List Standard of Protected Areas of International Union for Conservation of Nature when making decisions; (3) to institutionalize the classified criterion of management effectiveness evaluations according to different types of protected area (such as national park, nature reserve and natural park), to facilitate the standardized and scientific construction, and to establish incentive mechanisms within China’s protected areas by effectively using of the results from the management effectiveness evaluation.

Key words: protected area, management effectiveness, Aichi Biodiversity Targets, Convention on Biological Diversity

Bin Feng, Diqiang Li, Yuguang Zhang, Yadong Xue. Progress and analysis on the management effectiveness evaluation of protected area based on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11th in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(2): 150-159.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020061

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2021/V29/I2/150

Figures/Tables 4

References 10

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自然保护地类型 Protected area type	数量 Number		面积 Area (× 10⁴ km²)		已评估数量 Evaluated number		已评估面积Evaluated area (× 10⁴ km²)		评估面积比例 Proportion of evaluated area (%)
自然保护地类型 Protected area type	2014	2019	2014	2019	2014	2019	2014	2019	2014	2019
国家公园 National park	0	10	0	21.95	0	10	0	21.95	0	100.00
自然保护区 Nature reserve	2,729	2,694	146.99	128.93	2,067	2,081	123.46	123.85	83.99	84.15
国家湿地公园 National wetland park	569	897	2.75	3.53	7	9	0.03	0.03	1.09	0.84
风景名胜区 Scenic area	962	1,037	19.37	19.1	3	3	0.03	0.03	0.15	0.15
森林公园 Forest park	3,101	3,485	17.81	19.28	1	1	0.01	0.01	0.06	0.05
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	45	111	6.68	7.15	5	60	0.17	6.13	2.54	85.73
地质公园 Geological park	495	608	11.03	12.09	1	1	0.11	0.11	0.09	0.88
国家级水产种质资源保护区 National aquatic germplasm resource conservation zone	429	533	13.11	15.4	0	0	0	0	0	0
国家沙漠(石漠)公园 National desert (rock desert) park	55	120	0.3	0.41	0	0	0	0	0	0
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage	14	18	3.07	7.11	14	18	3.07	7.11	100.00	100.00
世界地质公园 Global geopark	33	39	3.86	4.72	33	39	3.86	4.72	100.00	100.00
国际重要湿地 International important wetland	46	56	5.83	6.62	46	56	5.83	6.62	100.00	100.00
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve	24	34	3.51	7.37	24	34	3.51	7.37	100.00	100.00
自然保护地绿色名录 Green List of Protected Areas	6	6	0.04	0.04	6	6	0.04	0.04	100.00	100.00

自然保护地类型 Protected area type	数量 Number		面积 Area (× 10⁴ km²)		已评估数量 Evaluated number		已评估面积Evaluated area (× 10⁴ km²)		评估面积比例 Proportion of evaluated area (%)
自然保护地类型 Protected area type	2014	2019	2014	2019	2014	2019	2014	2019	2014	2019
国家公园 National park	0	10	0	21.95	0	10	0	21.95	0	100.00
自然保护区 Nature reserve	2,729	2,694	146.99	128.93	2,067	2,081	123.46	123.85	83.99	84.15
国家湿地公园 National wetland park	569	897	2.75	3.53	7	9	0.03	0.03	1.09	0.84
风景名胜区 Scenic area	962	1,037	19.37	19.1	3	3	0.03	0.03	0.15	0.15
森林公园 Forest park	3,101	3,485	17.81	19.28	1	1	0.01	0.01	0.06	0.05
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	45	111	6.68	7.15	5	60	0.17	6.13	2.54	85.73
地质公园 Geological park	495	608	11.03	12.09	1	1	0.11	0.11	0.09	0.88
国家级水产种质资源保护区 National aquatic germplasm resource conservation zone	429	533	13.11	15.4	0	0	0	0	0	0
国家沙漠(石漠)公园 National desert (rock desert) park	55	120	0.3	0.41	0	0	0	0	0	0
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage	14	18	3.07	7.11	14	18	3.07	7.11	100.00	100.00
世界地质公园 Global geopark	33	39	3.86	4.72	33	39	3.86	4.72	100.00	100.00
国际重要湿地 International important wetland	46	56	5.83	6.62	46	56	5.83	6.62	100.00	100.00
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve	24	34	3.51	7.37	24	34	3.51	7.37	100.00	100.00
自然保护地绿色名录 Green List of Protected Areas	6	6	0.04	0.04	6	6	0.04	0.04	100.00	100.00

数据来源 Data source		保护地类型 Protected area type	已评估数量 Evaluated number	已评估面积 Evaluated area (× 10⁴km²)	评估周期Evaluation cycle (year)
业务主管部门 Competent department of business	国家林业和草原局 National Forestry and Grassland Administration	国家公园 National park	10	21.95
	国家林业和草原局 National Forestry and Grassland Administration	自然保护区 Nature reserve	2,006	122.88
	生态环境部 Ministry of Ecology and Environment	自然保护区 Nature reserve	465	97.72
联合国机构数据库 United Nations organizations’ database	自然保护地管理有效性全球数据库 Global Database-Protected Areas Management Effectiveness	自然保护区 Nature reserve	12	40.41
		生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve	3	0.25	10
		世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage	14	3.04	6
		国际重要湿地 International important wetland	2	0.01	4
	GEF项目数据库 Global Environmental Facility project database	自然保护区 Nature reserve	58	46.87	1
		风景名胜区 Scenic area	3	0.03
		海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	5	0.18
国内外认证机构 Domestic and foreign certification institutes	联合国教科文组织 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization	世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage	18	7.11	6
		世界地质公园 Global geopark	39	4.72	4
		自然保护区 Nature reserve	33	7.33	10
		风景名胜区 Scenic area	1	0.04	10
	世界自然保护联盟 International Union for Conservation of Nature	自然保护区 Nature reserve	3	0.26	5
		风景名胜区 Scenic area	1	0.02
		森林公园 Forest park	1	0.01
		地质公园 Geological park	1	0.11
	湿地公约 The Convention on Wetlands	国际重要湿地 International important wetland	56	3.20	4
国际保护组织 International conservation organization	世界自然基金会 World Wild Fund	自然保护区 Nature reserve	88	9.91
学术论文 Academic paper	学术期刊 Academic journals	自然保护区 Nature reserve	939	92.28
		湿地公园 Wetland park	9	0.03
		海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	5	0.81
	博、硕士学位论文 Doctoral and master’s thesis	自然保护区 Nature reserve	658	58.38
	博、硕士学位论文 Doctoral and master’s thesis	海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	60	6.13

数据来源 Data source		保护地类型 Protected area type	已评估数量 Evaluated number	已评估面积 Evaluated area (× 10⁴km²)	评估周期Evaluation cycle (year)
业务主管部门 Competent department of business	国家林业和草原局 National Forestry and Grassland Administration	国家公园 National park	10	21.95
	国家林业和草原局 National Forestry and Grassland Administration	自然保护区 Nature reserve	2,006	122.88
	生态环境部 Ministry of Ecology and Environment	自然保护区 Nature reserve	465	97.72
联合国机构数据库 United Nations organizations’ database	自然保护地管理有效性全球数据库 Global Database-Protected Areas Management Effectiveness	自然保护区 Nature reserve	12	40.41
		生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve	3	0.25	10
		世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage	14	3.04	6
		国际重要湿地 International important wetland	2	0.01	4
	GEF项目数据库 Global Environmental Facility project database	自然保护区 Nature reserve	58	46.87	1
		风景名胜区 Scenic area	3	0.03
		海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	5	0.18
国内外认证机构 Domestic and foreign certification institutes	联合国教科文组织 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization	世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage	18	7.11	6
		世界地质公园 Global geopark	39	4.72	4
		自然保护区 Nature reserve	33	7.33	10
		风景名胜区 Scenic area	1	0.04	10
	世界自然保护联盟 International Union for Conservation of Nature	自然保护区 Nature reserve	3	0.26	5
		风景名胜区 Scenic area	1	0.02
		森林公园 Forest park	1	0.01
		地质公园 Geological park	1	0.11
	湿地公约 The Convention on Wetlands	国际重要湿地 International important wetland	56	3.20	4
国际保护组织 International conservation organization	世界自然基金会 World Wild Fund	自然保护区 Nature reserve	88	9.91
学术论文 Academic paper	学术期刊 Academic journals	自然保护区 Nature reserve	939	92.28
		湿地公园 Wetland park	9	0.03
		海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	5	0.81
	博、硕士学位论文 Doctoral and master’s thesis	自然保护区 Nature reserve	658	58.38
	博、硕士学位论文 Doctoral and master’s thesis	海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park)	60	6.13

数据来源 Data source	自然保护地面积 Area of protected area (× 10⁴ km²)	陆域自然保护地面积 Area of terrestrial protected areas (× 10⁴ km²)	已评估陆域自然保护地面积 Evaluated area of terrestrial protected areas (× 10⁴ km²)	海洋自然保护地面积 Area of marine protected areas (× 10⁴ km²)	已评估海洋自然保护地面积 Evaluated area of marine protected areas (× 10⁴ km²)	已评估陆域自然保护地比例 Proportion of evaluated terrestrial protected areas	已评估海洋自保护地比例 Proportion of evaluated marine protected areas
WDPA	150.90	146.15	20.05	4.75	0.08	13.72%	1.68%
本研究 This study	186.60	172.80	129.46	13.80	6.73	74.92%	48.77%