Biodiv Sci ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 150-159. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020061
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Bin Feng1,2,3, Diqiang Li1,2,*(), Yuguang Zhang1,2, Yadong Xue1,2
Received:
2020-02-27
Accepted:
2020-08-31
Online:
2021-02-20
Published:
2020-12-21
Contact:
Diqiang Li
Bin Feng, Diqiang Li, Yuguang Zhang, Yadong Xue. Progress and analysis on the management effectiveness evaluation of protected area based on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11th in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(2): 150-159.
自然保护地类型 Protected area type | 数量 Number | 面积 Area (× 104 km2) | 已评估数量 Evaluated number | 已评估面积Evaluated area (× 104 km2) | 评估面积比例 Proportion of evaluated area (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | |
国家公园 National park | 0 | 10 | 0 | 21.95 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 21.95 | 0 | 100.00 |
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 2,729 | 2,694 | 146.99 | 128.93 | 2,067 | 2,081 | 123.46 | 123.85 | 83.99 | 84.15 |
国家湿地公园 National wetland park | 569 | 897 | 2.75 | 3.53 | 7 | 9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.09 | 0.84 |
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 962 | 1,037 | 19.37 | 19.1 | 3 | 3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
森林公园 Forest park | 3,101 | 3,485 | 17.81 | 19.28 | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 45 | 111 | 6.68 | 7.15 | 5 | 60 | 0.17 | 6.13 | 2.54 | 85.73 |
地质公园 Geological park | 495 | 608 | 11.03 | 12.09 | 1 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.88 |
国家级水产种质资源保护区 National aquatic germplasm resource conservation zone | 429 | 533 | 13.11 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
国家沙漠(石漠)公园 National desert (rock desert) park | 55 | 120 | 0.3 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 14 | 18 | 3.07 | 7.11 | 14 | 18 | 3.07 | 7.11 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
世界地质公园 Global geopark | 33 | 39 | 3.86 | 4.72 | 33 | 39 | 3.86 | 4.72 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 46 | 56 | 5.83 | 6.62 | 46 | 56 | 5.83 | 6.62 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve | 24 | 34 | 3.51 | 7.37 | 24 | 34 | 3.51 | 7.37 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
自然保护地绿色名录 Green List of Protected Areas | 6 | 6 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 6 | 6 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Table 1 General situation of management effectiveness evaluation on various types of protected areas (until the end of 2019)
自然保护地类型 Protected area type | 数量 Number | 面积 Area (× 104 km2) | 已评估数量 Evaluated number | 已评估面积Evaluated area (× 104 km2) | 评估面积比例 Proportion of evaluated area (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | 2014 | 2019 | |
国家公园 National park | 0 | 10 | 0 | 21.95 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 21.95 | 0 | 100.00 |
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 2,729 | 2,694 | 146.99 | 128.93 | 2,067 | 2,081 | 123.46 | 123.85 | 83.99 | 84.15 |
国家湿地公园 National wetland park | 569 | 897 | 2.75 | 3.53 | 7 | 9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.09 | 0.84 |
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 962 | 1,037 | 19.37 | 19.1 | 3 | 3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
森林公园 Forest park | 3,101 | 3,485 | 17.81 | 19.28 | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 45 | 111 | 6.68 | 7.15 | 5 | 60 | 0.17 | 6.13 | 2.54 | 85.73 |
地质公园 Geological park | 495 | 608 | 11.03 | 12.09 | 1 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.88 |
国家级水产种质资源保护区 National aquatic germplasm resource conservation zone | 429 | 533 | 13.11 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
国家沙漠(石漠)公园 National desert (rock desert) park | 55 | 120 | 0.3 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 14 | 18 | 3.07 | 7.11 | 14 | 18 | 3.07 | 7.11 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
世界地质公园 Global geopark | 33 | 39 | 3.86 | 4.72 | 33 | 39 | 3.86 | 4.72 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 46 | 56 | 5.83 | 6.62 | 46 | 56 | 5.83 | 6.62 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve | 24 | 34 | 3.51 | 7.37 | 24 | 34 | 3.51 | 7.37 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
自然保护地绿色名录 Green List of Protected Areas | 6 | 6 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 6 | 6 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
数据来源 Data source | 保护地类型 Protected area type | 已评估数量 Evaluated number | 已评估面积 Evaluated area (× 104 km2) | 评估周期Evaluation cycle (year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
业务主管部门 Competent department of business | 国家林业和草原局 National Forestry and Grassland Administration | 国家公园 National park | 10 | 21.95 | |
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 2,006 | 122.88 | |||
生态环境部 Ministry of Ecology and Environment | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 465 | 97.72 | ||
联合国机构数据库 United Nations organizations’ database | 自然保护地管理有效性全球数据库 Global Database-Protected Areas Management Effectiveness | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 12 | 40.41 | |
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve | 3 | 0.25 | 10 | ||
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 14 | 3.04 | 6 | ||
国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 2 | 0.01 | 4 | ||
GEF项目数据库 Global Environmental Facility project database | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 58 | 46.87 | 1 | |
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 3 | 0.03 | |||
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 5 | 0.18 | |||
国内外认证机构 Domestic and foreign certification institutes | 联合国教科文组织 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | 世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 18 | 7.11 | 6 |
世界地质公园 Global geopark | 39 | 4.72 | 4 | ||
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 33 | 7.33 | 10 | ||
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 1 | 0.04 | |||
世界自然保护联盟 International Union for Conservation of Nature | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 3 | 0.26 | 5 | |
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 1 | 0.02 | |||
森林公园 Forest park | 1 | 0.01 | |||
地质公园 Geological park | 1 | 0.11 | |||
湿地公约 The Convention on Wetlands | 国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 56 | 3.20 | 4 | |
国际保护组织 International conservation organization | 世界自然基金会 World Wild Fund | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 88 | 9.91 | |
学术论文 Academic paper | 学术期刊 Academic journals | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 939 | 92.28 | |
湿地公园 Wetland park | 9 | 0.03 | |||
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 5 | 0.81 | |||
博、硕士学位论文 Doctoral and master’s thesis | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 658 | 58.38 | ||
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 60 | 6.13 |
Table 2 Statistical of management effectiveness evaluation data of protected areas in China
数据来源 Data source | 保护地类型 Protected area type | 已评估数量 Evaluated number | 已评估面积 Evaluated area (× 104 km2) | 评估周期Evaluation cycle (year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
业务主管部门 Competent department of business | 国家林业和草原局 National Forestry and Grassland Administration | 国家公园 National park | 10 | 21.95 | |
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 2,006 | 122.88 | |||
生态环境部 Ministry of Ecology and Environment | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 465 | 97.72 | ||
联合国机构数据库 United Nations organizations’ database | 自然保护地管理有效性全球数据库 Global Database-Protected Areas Management Effectiveness | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 12 | 40.41 | |
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve | 3 | 0.25 | 10 | ||
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 14 | 3.04 | 6 | ||
国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 2 | 0.01 | 4 | ||
GEF项目数据库 Global Environmental Facility project database | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 58 | 46.87 | 1 | |
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 3 | 0.03 | |||
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 5 | 0.18 | |||
国内外认证机构 Domestic and foreign certification institutes | 联合国教科文组织 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | 世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 18 | 7.11 | 6 |
世界地质公园 Global geopark | 39 | 4.72 | 4 | ||
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 33 | 7.33 | 10 | ||
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 1 | 0.04 | |||
世界自然保护联盟 International Union for Conservation of Nature | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 3 | 0.26 | 5 | |
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 1 | 0.02 | |||
森林公园 Forest park | 1 | 0.01 | |||
地质公园 Geological park | 1 | 0.11 | |||
湿地公约 The Convention on Wetlands | 国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 56 | 3.20 | 4 | |
国际保护组织 International conservation organization | 世界自然基金会 World Wild Fund | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 88 | 9.91 | |
学术论文 Academic paper | 学术期刊 Academic journals | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 939 | 92.28 | |
湿地公园 Wetland park | 9 | 0.03 | |||
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 5 | 0.81 | |||
博、硕士学位论文 Doctoral and master’s thesis | 自然保护区 Nature reserve | 658 | 58.38 | ||
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 60 | 6.13 |
数据来源 Data source | 自然保护地面积 Area of protected area (× 104 km2) | 陆域自然保护地面积 Area of terrestrial protected areas (× 104 km2) | 已评估陆域自然保护地面积 Evaluated area of terrestrial protected areas (× 104 km2) | 海洋自然保护地面积 Area of marine protected areas (× 104 km2) | 已评估海洋自然保护地面积 Evaluated area of marine protected areas (× 104 km2) | 已评估陆域自然保护地比例 Proportion of evaluated terrestrial protected areas | 已评估海洋自保护地比例 Proportion of evaluated marine protected areas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WDPA | 150.90 | 146.15 | 20.05 | 4.75 | 0.08 | 13.72% | 1.68% |
本研究 This study | 186.60 | 172.80 | 129.46 | 13.80 | 6.73 | 74.92% | 48.77% |
Table 3 Data comparison between World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) and this study
数据来源 Data source | 自然保护地面积 Area of protected area (× 104 km2) | 陆域自然保护地面积 Area of terrestrial protected areas (× 104 km2) | 已评估陆域自然保护地面积 Evaluated area of terrestrial protected areas (× 104 km2) | 海洋自然保护地面积 Area of marine protected areas (× 104 km2) | 已评估海洋自然保护地面积 Evaluated area of marine protected areas (× 104 km2) | 已评估陆域自然保护地比例 Proportion of evaluated terrestrial protected areas | 已评估海洋自保护地比例 Proportion of evaluated marine protected areas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WDPA | 150.90 | 146.15 | 20.05 | 4.75 | 0.08 | 13.72% | 1.68% |
本研究 This study | 186.60 | 172.80 | 129.46 | 13.80 | 6.73 | 74.92% | 48.77% |
自然保护地类型 Protected area type | 评估方法 Evaluation method | 已评估数量 Evaluated number | 已评估面积 Evaluated area (× 104 km2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
以国家公园为主体的自然保护地 Protected areas with national parks as the main body | ||||
国家公园 National park | 国家公园体制试点评估指标体系 Evaluation indicator system of national park system pilot | 10 | 21.95 | |
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 自然保护区有效管理评价技术规范 Technical Regulations for the Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Nature Reserves | 2,045 | 123.92 | |
自然保护区管理评估规范 Standard for Assessment of Nature Reserve Management | 465 | 97.72 | ||
管理有效性跟踪工具 Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | 1,096 | 92.13 | ||
管理快速评估和优先性确定方法 Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management | 157 | 21.47 | ||
生物多样性管理调查 Governance of Biodiversity Research Project | 33 | 7.33 | ||
绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 3 | 0.26 | ||
其他评估方法 Other evaluation methods | 646 | 60.03 | ||
自然公园 Natural park | ||||
湿地公园 Wetland park | 国家湿地公园评估标准 Assessment Standards of National Wetland Park | 6 | 0.02 | |
其他评估方法 Other evaluation methods | 3 | 0.01 | ||
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 管理有效性跟踪工具 Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | 3 | 0.05 | |
绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 1 | 0.02 | ||
地质公园 Geological park | 绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 1 | 0.11 | |
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 管理有效性跟踪工具 Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | 10 | 0.99 | |
其他评估方法 Other evaluation methods | 60 | 6.13 | ||
国际认证自然保护地 International certificated protected areas | ||||
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 世界遗产瞭望 World Heritage Outlook | 18 | 7.11 | |
世界地质公园 Global geopark | 世界地质公园重生效程序 Global geopark revalidatation process | 39 | 4.72 | |
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve | 生物多样性管理调查 Governance of Biodiversity Research Project | 34 | 7.37 | |
自然保护地绿色名录 Green List of Protected Areas | 绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 6 | 0.39 | |
国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 中国国际重要湿地监测指南 Monitoring Guideline on International Important Wetland in China | 57 | 6.62 |
Table 4 List of management effectiveness evaluation methods of nature reserve (until the end of 2019)
自然保护地类型 Protected area type | 评估方法 Evaluation method | 已评估数量 Evaluated number | 已评估面积 Evaluated area (× 104 km2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
以国家公园为主体的自然保护地 Protected areas with national parks as the main body | ||||
国家公园 National park | 国家公园体制试点评估指标体系 Evaluation indicator system of national park system pilot | 10 | 21.95 | |
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 自然保护区有效管理评价技术规范 Technical Regulations for the Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Nature Reserves | 2,045 | 123.92 | |
自然保护区管理评估规范 Standard for Assessment of Nature Reserve Management | 465 | 97.72 | ||
管理有效性跟踪工具 Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | 1,096 | 92.13 | ||
管理快速评估和优先性确定方法 Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management | 157 | 21.47 | ||
生物多样性管理调查 Governance of Biodiversity Research Project | 33 | 7.33 | ||
绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 3 | 0.26 | ||
其他评估方法 Other evaluation methods | 646 | 60.03 | ||
自然公园 Natural park | ||||
湿地公园 Wetland park | 国家湿地公园评估标准 Assessment Standards of National Wetland Park | 6 | 0.02 | |
其他评估方法 Other evaluation methods | 3 | 0.01 | ||
风景名胜区 Scenic area | 管理有效性跟踪工具 Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | 3 | 0.05 | |
绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 1 | 0.02 | ||
地质公园 Geological park | 绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 1 | 0.11 | |
海洋特别保护区(海洋公园) Special marine protected area (marine park) | 管理有效性跟踪工具 Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | 10 | 0.99 | |
其他评估方法 Other evaluation methods | 60 | 6.13 | ||
国际认证自然保护地 International certificated protected areas | ||||
世界自然遗产地 World natural heritage | 世界遗产瞭望 World Heritage Outlook | 18 | 7.11 | |
世界地质公园 Global geopark | 世界地质公园重生效程序 Global geopark revalidatation process | 39 | 4.72 | |
生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserve | 生物多样性管理调查 Governance of Biodiversity Research Project | 34 | 7.37 | |
自然保护地绿色名录 Green List of Protected Areas | 绿色名录标准 Green List Standard | 6 | 0.39 | |
国际重要湿地 International important wetland | 中国国际重要湿地监测指南 Monitoring Guideline on International Important Wetland in China | 57 | 6.62 |
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