Fish diversity and connectivity in six national marine protected areas in the East China Sea

doi:10.17520/biods.2024128

Abstract

Abstract:

Aim: Global climate change and anthropogenic impacts are placing enormous pressures on coastal ecosystems, and networks of marine protected areas have been recognized as an effective means of dealing with these dual pressures. However, there have been few investigations of biodiversity and connectivity of marine protected areas, in particular a lack of studies at the multispecies level. As one of the most biologically rich regions in China and an important contributor to China’s rapid socio-economic development, a number of protected areas have been established in the East China Sea at the end of the last century, but not much research has been conducted on biodiversity and connectivity to support the conservation and sustainable development.
Methods: In this study, six national marine protected areas were selected in the East China Sea, including Chengzhou Island National Marine Park (CZD), Shenhu Bay National Nature Reserve (SHW), Meizhou Island National Marine Park (MZD), Haitan Bay National Marine Park in Pingtan (PTD), Dongtou National Marine Park (DTD) and Yuhuan National Marine Park (YH). Water samples were collected from sandy coast. Environmental DNA was amplified with MiFish-U primers and high-throughput sequencing was performed by Illumina NovaSeq. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance was performed to determine the differences in community composition among protected areas. Network analysis was performed to assess robustness within each marine protected area.
Results: A total of 71 samples were obtained, including 5,069,193 reads and 46,309 MOTUs, from six protected areas in different seasons. Further analysis revealed that the abundance of MOTUs shared between protected areas accounted for more than 40% of the total MOTUs abundance. Although the environments differed significantly among protected areas, there were no spatial differences in biodiversity and community structure among protected areas (P > 0.05), and only seasonal differences observed. DTD, SHW and YH had a more complex network structure, while MZD and PTD were relatively simpler.
Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that there is a strong connectivity among these protected areas, which has the potential to establish a network of marine protected areas. The community network structures of the protected areas reveal that the protection effects vary from different protected areas, which may be related to the size and management of the protected areas. This study not only provides a reference for the study of nearshore community connectivity in the East China Sea, but also offers direct support for the management and construction of protected areas network in East China Sea.

Key words: marine protected areas, protected area networks, environmental DNA, network analysis, connectivity, biodiversity

CLC Number:

P7，Q15

Yihui Jiang, Yue Liu, Xu Zeng, Zheying Lin, Nan Wang, Jihao Peng, Ling Cao, Cong Zeng. Fish diversity and connectivity in six national marine protected areas in the East China Sea[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(6): 24128.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024128

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I6/24128

Figures/Tables 8

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海洋保护区 MPA	所在地 Location	建立时间 Establishment time	主要保护对象 Main objects of protection	面积 Area (km²)	保护区类型 MPA type
城洲岛国家级海洋公园Chengzhou Island National Marine Park	福建省漳州市 Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province	2012.12	海岛生态系统 Island ecosystems	3.03	特别保护区 Special protection area
深沪湾海底古森林遗迹国家级自然保护区 Shenhu Bay National Nature Reserve	福建省泉州市 Quanzhou City, Fujian Province	1992.10	海洋自然遗迹和非生物资源; 海底古森林遗迹、古牡蛎礁遗迹 Marine natural remains and non- living resources; Remains of ancient forests on the seabed and ancient oyster reefs	31.00	自然保护区 Nature reserve
湄洲岛国家级海洋公园Meizhou Island National Marine Park	福建省莆田市 Putian City, Fujian Province	2012.12	海岛生态系统及砂质岸线 Island ecosystems and sandy shorelines	69.11	特别保护区 Special protection area
平潭综合实验区海坛湾国家级海洋公园 Haitan Bay National Marine Park in Pingtan	福建省福州市 Fuzhou City, Fujian Province	2016.08	滨海沙滩、海岸景观、海域生境、仙女蛤种质资源 Coastal beaches and landscapes, marine habitats, Callista chinensis germplasm resources	34.90	特别保护区 Special protection area
洞头国家级海洋公园 Dongtou National Marine Park	浙江省温州市 Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province	2012.12	海洋公园/典型海岛生态系统, 海洋景观、生物资源、鸟类资源 Marine park/typical island ecosystem, marine landscape, biological resources, bird resources	311.04	特别保护区 Special protection area
玉环国家级海洋公园 Yuhuan National Marine Park	浙江省台州市 Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province	2016.12	鱼类、贝类和大型藻类、红树林群落及湿地鸟类, 重要渔业品种及生境、乐清湾茅埏岛湿地红树林生态系统生境的多样性 Fish, shellfish, macroalgae, mangrove communities, wetland birds, important fishery species and habitats, diversity of mangrove ecosystem habitats in the wetland of Maotao Island in Yueqing Bay	306.69	特别保护区 Special protection area

海洋保护区 MPA	所在地 Location	建立时间 Establishment time	主要保护对象 Main objects of protection	面积 Area (km²)	保护区类型 MPA type
城洲岛国家级海洋公园Chengzhou Island National Marine Park	福建省漳州市 Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province	2012.12	海岛生态系统 Island ecosystems	3.03	特别保护区 Special protection area
深沪湾海底古森林遗迹国家级自然保护区 Shenhu Bay National Nature Reserve	福建省泉州市 Quanzhou City, Fujian Province	1992.10	海洋自然遗迹和非生物资源; 海底古森林遗迹、古牡蛎礁遗迹 Marine natural remains and non- living resources; Remains of ancient forests on the seabed and ancient oyster reefs	31.00	自然保护区 Nature reserve
湄洲岛国家级海洋公园Meizhou Island National Marine Park	福建省莆田市 Putian City, Fujian Province	2012.12	海岛生态系统及砂质岸线 Island ecosystems and sandy shorelines	69.11	特别保护区 Special protection area
平潭综合实验区海坛湾国家级海洋公园 Haitan Bay National Marine Park in Pingtan	福建省福州市 Fuzhou City, Fujian Province	2016.08	滨海沙滩、海岸景观、海域生境、仙女蛤种质资源 Coastal beaches and landscapes, marine habitats, Callista chinensis germplasm resources	34.90	特别保护区 Special protection area
洞头国家级海洋公园 Dongtou National Marine Park	浙江省温州市 Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province	2012.12	海洋公园/典型海岛生态系统, 海洋景观、生物资源、鸟类资源 Marine park/typical island ecosystem, marine landscape, biological resources, bird resources	311.04	特别保护区 Special protection area
玉环国家级海洋公园 Yuhuan National Marine Park	浙江省台州市 Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province	2016.12	鱼类、贝类和大型藻类、红树林群落及湿地鸟类, 重要渔业品种及生境、乐清湾茅埏岛湿地红树林生态系统生境的多样性 Fish, shellfish, macroalgae, mangrove communities, wetland birds, important fishery species and habitats, diversity of mangrove ecosystem habitats in the wetland of Maotao Island in Yueqing Bay	306.69	特别保护区 Special protection area

分组 Group	温度 Temperature (℃)	盐度 Salinity	溶解氧 DO (mg/L)	酸碱度 pH	浊度 Turbidity (NTU)
城洲岛 CZD	22.11 ± 5.30^a	32.65 ± 1.24^b	7.05 ± 0.58^b	7.79 ± 0.21^a	10.99 ± 6.28^a
深沪湾 SHW	23.19 ± 7.96^a	32.84 ± 1.56^b	6.43 ± 0.37^a	7.88 ± 0.18^a	40.52 ± 43.86^ab
湄洲岛 MZD	20.69 ± 5.98^a	31.80 ± 1.46^b	7.12 ± 0.86^b	8.13 ± 0.45^a	32.82 ± 18.00^b
平潭岛 PTD	20.43 ± 7.53^a	31.91 ± 1.68^b	7.05 ± 0.85^b	7.95 ± 0.17^a	26.10 ± 25.73^ab
洞头岛 DTD	20.36 ± 6.41^a	28.34 ± 0.73^a	7.14 ± 0.71^b	8.50 ± 1.06^a	65.98 ± 36.21^b
玉环 YH	20.80 ± 7.24^a	28.65 ± 0.74^a	7.35 ± 0.96^b	7.87 ± 0.27^a	405.73 ± 656.86^b
冬季 Winter	14.46 ± 1.93^a	30.24 ± 1.51^a	6.73 ± 1.01^a	8.12 ± 0.09^c	49.86 ± 37.92^b
春季 Spring	15.71 ± 1.50^b	30.26 ± 1.61^a	7.63 ± 0.78^b	8.47 ± 0.89^c	28.66 ± 27.92^a
夏季 Summer	29.88 ± 2.57^d	32.19 ± 3.16^a	6.81 ± 0.54^a	7.86 ± 0.10^b	258.26 ± 568.82^c
秋季 Autumn	24.56 ± 1.05^c	31.31 ± 1.75^a	6.90 ± 0.29^a	7.65 ± 0.10^a	53.49 ± 31.56^b

分组 Group	温度 Temperature (℃)	盐度 Salinity	溶解氧 DO (mg/L)	酸碱度 pH	浊度 Turbidity (NTU)
城洲岛 CZD	22.11 ± 5.30^a	32.65 ± 1.24^b	7.05 ± 0.58^b	7.79 ± 0.21^a	10.99 ± 6.28^a
深沪湾 SHW	23.19 ± 7.96^a	32.84 ± 1.56^b	6.43 ± 0.37^a	7.88 ± 0.18^a	40.52 ± 43.86^ab
湄洲岛 MZD	20.69 ± 5.98^a	31.80 ± 1.46^b	7.12 ± 0.86^b	8.13 ± 0.45^a	32.82 ± 18.00^b
平潭岛 PTD	20.43 ± 7.53^a	31.91 ± 1.68^b	7.05 ± 0.85^b	7.95 ± 0.17^a	26.10 ± 25.73^ab
洞头岛 DTD	20.36 ± 6.41^a	28.34 ± 0.73^a	7.14 ± 0.71^b	8.50 ± 1.06^a	65.98 ± 36.21^b
玉环 YH	20.80 ± 7.24^a	28.65 ± 0.74^a	7.35 ± 0.96^b	7.87 ± 0.27^a	405.73 ± 656.86^b
冬季 Winter	14.46 ± 1.93^a	30.24 ± 1.51^a	6.73 ± 1.01^a	8.12 ± 0.09^c	49.86 ± 37.92^b
春季 Spring	15.71 ± 1.50^b	30.26 ± 1.61^a	7.63 ± 0.78^b	8.47 ± 0.89^c	28.66 ± 27.92^a
夏季 Summer	29.88 ± 2.57^d	32.19 ± 3.16^a	6.81 ± 0.54^a	7.86 ± 0.10^b	258.26 ± 568.82^c
秋季 Autumn	24.56 ± 1.05^c	31.31 ± 1.75^a	6.90 ± 0.29^a	7.65 ± 0.10^a	53.49 ± 31.56^b

分组 Group	Chao 1指数 Chao 1 index	观测MOTUs数 Observed MOTUs	Pielou均匀度 Pielou evenness	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson index
城洲岛 CZD	3,670.65 ± 1,412.54^a	2,069.31 ± 679.58^a	0.54 ± 0.10^a	5.96 ± 1.38^a	0.88 ± 0.11^a
深沪湾 SHW	3,549.04 ± 1,189.05^a	2,124.28 ± 720.24^a	0.52 ± 0.10^a	5.78 ± 1.28^a	0.87 ± 0.11^a
湄洲岛 MZD	3,552.78 ± 1,296.09^a	2,030.64 ± 561.76^a	0.51 ± 0.04^a	5.54 ± 0.66^a	0.88 ± 0.04^a
平潭岛 PTD	2,976.05 ± 785.15^a	1,700.30 ± 404.86^a	0.47 ± 0.07^a	5.05 ± 0.91^a	0.83 ± 0.12^a
洞头岛 DTD	2,882.04 ± 1,382.58^a	1,744.87 ± 805.76^a	0.48 ± 0.09^a	5.19 ± 1.34^a	0.84 ± 0.10^a
玉环 YH	2,714.99 ± 1,110.37^a	1,624.95 ± 684.92^a	0.45 ± 0.11^a	4.76 ± 1.47^a	0.79 ± 0.15^a
冬季 Winter	2,846.51 ± 603.43^bc	1,643.15 ± 274.04^ab	0.48 ± 0.07^b	5.13 ± 0.82^b	0.86 ± 0.08^bc
春季 Spring	3,289.03 ± 873.69^ab	1,906.99 ± 508.71^ab	0.48 ± 0.08^ab	5.27 ± 0.98^ab	0.85 ± 0.12^ab
夏季 Summer	4,481.35 ± 1,289.66^a	2,557.84 ± 739.96^a	0.57 ± 0.11^a	6.51 ± 1.43^a	0.89 ± 0.12^a
秋季 Autumn	2,234.35 ± 755.41^c	1,397.91 ± 371.07^b	0.44 ± 0.05^b	4.56 ± 0.70^b	0.78 ± 0.08^c