Urban biodiversity conservation: Experience from the comparative perspective of China and Europe

doi:10.17520/biods.2023070

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Urban biodiversity conservation is a vital component of the global conservation system and an essential element for sustainable urban development. Comparing the practices of urban biodiversity conservation in China and Europe is helpful to improve the measures of urban biodiversity conservation in China. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of urban biodiversity conservation practices in China and Europe, aiming to offer insights for enhancing urban ecosystems and biodiversity conservation..
Methods: We propose a theoretical framework for urban biodiversity conservation from the perspective of urban development and collaborative governance of ecosystems. The framework is based on the core carriers and functions of urban biodiversity conservation, and it emphasizes the implementation strategies for habitat conservation, spatial regulation, and collaborative governance.
Results and Suggestions: China’s urban biodiversity conservation exhibits unique concepts and significant governance effects, however, there is still room for improvement. (1) Regarding urban development planning, the European urban biodiversity planning system is comprehensive, systematic, and targeted. In contrast, the integration of urban biodiversity conservation and urban development planning in China is inadequate. Thus, it is recommended to enhance the effective connection between these two aspects. (2) Regarding urban green space construction, European cities are increasingly emphasizing the connectivity and integrity of ecosystems. In contrast, Chinese cities primarily concentrate on building traditional green spaces like parks and should enhance the utilization of green space and promote ecosystem creation at the microscopic scale. (3) Regarding ecological protection compensation, European cities have made significant progress in diversified and market-based compensation. However, China’s urban biodiversity protection compensation mechanism is not yet fully developed and requires gradual exploration of diversified compensation methods, such as the implementation of green funds. (4) Regarding public participation, European cities prioritize bottom-up mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, whereas China primarily relies on government-led governance, indicating the need for enhancing public awareness and participation capabilities.

Key words: urban ecosystem, biodiversity, sustainable urban development, European experience, Chinese practices

Jing Deng, Yi Li, Yilei Hou. Urban biodiversity conservation: Experience from the comparative perspective of China and Europe[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(8): 23070.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023070

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I8/23070

Figures/Tables 7

References 28

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绿地类型 Type of green space	城市/国家 City/Country	特点 Features
微型森林 Micro forest	乌得勒支/荷兰 Utrecht/The Netherlands	微型森林通常包括20-40个不同的树木和灌木物种, 每1 m²平均种植3棵树苗。Micro forests typically include 20-40 different tree and shrub species, with an average of 3 saplings planted per square meter.
立面花园 Facade garden	阿姆斯特丹/荷兰 Amsterdam/The Netherlands	阿姆斯特丹在建筑立面上种植西番莲、常春藤、爬山虎等半阴攀缘植物, 立面最大宽度不超过60 cm。In Amsterdam, semi-shade climbing plants such as passion fruit, ivy and climbers are planted on the facade of the building, and the maximum width of the facade is no more than 60 cm.
墓地栖息地 Cemetery habitat	柏林/德国 Berlin/Germany	柏林有超过1,100 ha的墓地, 是蝙蝠、鸟类、地衣、苔藓等物种的栖息地; 柏林计划改造发展209 ha墓地, 保护生物多样性。There are more than 1,100 ha of cemeteries in Berlin, which are the habitats of bats, birds, lichens, mosses and other species; Berlin plans to transform and develop 209 ha of cemeteries to protect biodiversity.
生物多样性草地 Biodiversity grasslands	里斯本/葡萄牙 Lisbon/Portugal	里斯本生物多样性草地种植大量禾本科植物以确保更高存活率。目前里斯本已成功改造两个面积分别为2.6 ha、8 ha的生物多样性草地。The Lisbon biodiversity grassland are planted with a large number of gramineous plants to ensure a higher survival rate. Two biodiversity meadows of 2.6 ha and 8 ha have been successfully renovated in Lisbon.

绿地类型 Type of green space	城市/国家 City/Country	特点 Features
微型森林 Micro forest	乌得勒支/荷兰 Utrecht/The Netherlands	微型森林通常包括20-40个不同的树木和灌木物种, 每1 m²平均种植3棵树苗。Micro forests typically include 20-40 different tree and shrub species, with an average of 3 saplings planted per square meter.
立面花园 Facade garden	阿姆斯特丹/荷兰 Amsterdam/The Netherlands	阿姆斯特丹在建筑立面上种植西番莲、常春藤、爬山虎等半阴攀缘植物, 立面最大宽度不超过60 cm。In Amsterdam, semi-shade climbing plants such as passion fruit, ivy and climbers are planted on the facade of the building, and the maximum width of the facade is no more than 60 cm.
墓地栖息地 Cemetery habitat	柏林/德国 Berlin/Germany	柏林有超过1,100 ha的墓地, 是蝙蝠、鸟类、地衣、苔藓等物种的栖息地; 柏林计划改造发展209 ha墓地, 保护生物多样性。There are more than 1,100 ha of cemeteries in Berlin, which are the habitats of bats, birds, lichens, mosses and other species; Berlin plans to transform and develop 209 ha of cemeteries to protect biodiversity.
生物多样性草地 Biodiversity grasslands	里斯本/葡萄牙 Lisbon/Portugal	里斯本生物多样性草地种植大量禾本科植物以确保更高存活率。目前里斯本已成功改造两个面积分别为2.6 ha、8 ha的生物多样性草地。The Lisbon biodiversity grassland are planted with a large number of gramineous plants to ensure a higher survival rate. Two biodiversity meadows of 2.6 ha and 8 ha have been successfully renovated in Lisbon.

基金名称 Fund name	主要作用 Main roles	融资总额 Total amount of financing	重点支持项目 Major support projects
再野化伦敦基金 Rewild London Fund	支持重要的自然保护区域的管理和改善 Support the management and improvement of important nature reserves	60万英镑, 预计支持25个项目 With 600,000 pounds, it is expected to support 25 projects.	优先考虑专注解决生态紧急情况的创新项目、可推广的创新管理监测技术等项目。Priority will be given to innovative projects that focus on solving ecological emergencies and innovative management monitoring technologies that can be popularized.
绿色弹性空间基金 Green and resilient spaces fund	支持伦敦各区的公园、社区等更广泛公共空间绿化 Support the greening of wider public spaces such as parks and communities in various districts of London	400万英镑, 预计支持10个项目 With 4,000,000 pounds, it is expected to support 10 projects.	优先考虑创造新的高质量公共绿地、改善绿色空间的连接性和可达性等具体使城市居民受益的项目。Priority will be given to projects that specifically benefit urban residents, such as creating new high-quality public green spaces and improving the connectivity and accessibility of green spaces.
绿色回馈基金 Grow back greener fund	支持伦敦社区主导的小规模项目Support small-scale community-led projects in London	140万英镑, 预计支持45个项目 With 1,400,000 pounds, it is expected to support 45 projects.	优先考虑贫困、高气候风险和难以获得绿色空间领域的社区项目。Priority will be given to community projects in the areas of poverty, high climate risk and difficult access to green space.

基金名称 Fund name	主要作用 Main roles	融资总额 Total amount of financing	重点支持项目 Major support projects
再野化伦敦基金 Rewild London Fund	支持重要的自然保护区域的管理和改善 Support the management and improvement of important nature reserves	60万英镑, 预计支持25个项目 With 600,000 pounds, it is expected to support 25 projects.	优先考虑专注解决生态紧急情况的创新项目、可推广的创新管理监测技术等项目。Priority will be given to innovative projects that focus on solving ecological emergencies and innovative management monitoring technologies that can be popularized.
绿色弹性空间基金 Green and resilient spaces fund	支持伦敦各区的公园、社区等更广泛公共空间绿化 Support the greening of wider public spaces such as parks and communities in various districts of London	400万英镑, 预计支持10个项目 With 4,000,000 pounds, it is expected to support 10 projects.	优先考虑创造新的高质量公共绿地、改善绿色空间的连接性和可达性等具体使城市居民受益的项目。Priority will be given to projects that specifically benefit urban residents, such as creating new high-quality public green spaces and improving the connectivity and accessibility of green spaces.
绿色回馈基金 Grow back greener fund	支持伦敦社区主导的小规模项目Support small-scale community-led projects in London	140万英镑, 预计支持45个项目 With 1,400,000 pounds, it is expected to support 45 projects.	优先考虑贫困、高气候风险和难以获得绿色空间领域的社区项目。Priority will be given to community projects in the areas of poverty, high climate risk and difficult access to green space.

补贴名称 Subsidy name	具体规定 Specific provision	备注 Remarks
雨水补贴 Rainwater subsidy	(1)每增加1 L储水量补贴500欧元。For each additional liter of water storage, the subsidy is 500 Euros. (2)每增加1 m²绿地补贴10欧元。For every additional square meter of green space, the subsidy is 10 Euros. (3)每增加1 m²可渗透地面补贴5欧元。For each additional square meter of permeable ground, the subsidy is 5 Euros.	单次补贴申请上限为5万欧元。Single subsidy application is capped at 50,000 Euros.
绿色屋顶补贴 Green roof subsidy	(1)面积遵循每m²10欧元的绿地补贴。Areas are subject to a green subsidy of 10 Euros per square meter. (2)储水量遵循每升500欧元的补贴。Water storage is subject to a subsidy of 500 Euros for 1 liter.	当储水量不足1 L, 只能申请绿地补贴; 当储水量满足或超过1 L, 可申请“绿地补贴 + 储水量补贴”。When the water storage is less than 1 liter, you can only apply for greenfield subsidy; When the water storage meets or exceeds 1 liter, you can apply for greenfield subsidy and water storage subsidy.
本土植物补贴 Native plant subsidy	(1)每株本土草本植物补贴1欧元。The subsidy for each native herb is 1 Euro. (2)每株本土灌木补贴2欧元。The subsidy for each native shrub is 2 Euros. (3)每棵原生树木补贴10欧元。The subsidy for each native tree is 10 Euros.	当居民种植绿色植物时默认可获得每m²10欧元的绿地补贴; 当绿地面积超过20 m²可申请“绿地补贴 + 本土植物补贴”。When residents plant green plants, they can get a green subsidy of 10 Euros per square meter; When the green area exceeds 20 square meters, they can apply for green subsidy and native plant subsidy.