Biodiv Sci ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (2): 197-205. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09220
Special Issue: 中国的森林生物多样性监测
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Xingxing Man1,2, Xiangcheng Mi1, Keping Ma1,*(
)
Received:2010-09-15
Accepted:2010-11-29
Online:2011-03-20
Published:2011-06-01
Contact:
Keping Ma
Xingxing Man, Xiangcheng Mi, Keping Ma. Effects of an ice storm on community structure of an evergreen broad- leaved forest in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2011, 19(2): 197-205.
| 等级 Damage class | 受损类型 Damage type | 类型描述 Description | 个体数 Individuals | 受损类型比例 Ratio of damage type (%) | 受损等级比例(%) Ratio of damage class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正常 Undamaged | 正常 Undamaged | 树冠完整, 受损不明显 Complete crown or unaffected | 6,948 | 33.58 | 33.58 |
| 轻度损伤 Slightly damaged | 压弯 Bent | 树干弯曲倾斜 Bole bent | 599 | 2.90 | 32.19 |
| 断枝少 Slight branch loss | 少于50%的分枝折断 Less than half of the branches lost | 3,400 | 16.43 | ||
| 断枝多 Severe branch loss | 多于50%的分枝折断 More than half of the branches lost | 2,662 | 12.86 | ||
| 严重损伤 Severely damaged | 断梢 Broken within crown | 林冠中的树干折断 Broken within crown | 1,478 | 7.14 | 34.23 |
| 折断 Snapping | 1.3 m以上林冠以下的树干折断 Broken above 1.3 m and below the crown | 1,831 | 8.85 | ||
| 倒伏 Uprooted | 1.3 m以下处折断或倒伏 Uprooted or broken below 1.3 m | 3,775 | 18.24 |
Table 1 Distribution of damage classes for trees with DBH≥8 cm in the Gutianshan 24 ha plot
| 等级 Damage class | 受损类型 Damage type | 类型描述 Description | 个体数 Individuals | 受损类型比例 Ratio of damage type (%) | 受损等级比例(%) Ratio of damage class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 正常 Undamaged | 正常 Undamaged | 树冠完整, 受损不明显 Complete crown or unaffected | 6,948 | 33.58 | 33.58 |
| 轻度损伤 Slightly damaged | 压弯 Bent | 树干弯曲倾斜 Bole bent | 599 | 2.90 | 32.19 |
| 断枝少 Slight branch loss | 少于50%的分枝折断 Less than half of the branches lost | 3,400 | 16.43 | ||
| 断枝多 Severe branch loss | 多于50%的分枝折断 More than half of the branches lost | 2,662 | 12.86 | ||
| 严重损伤 Severely damaged | 断梢 Broken within crown | 林冠中的树干折断 Broken within crown | 1,478 | 7.14 | 34.23 |
| 折断 Snapping | 1.3 m以上林冠以下的树干折断 Broken above 1.3 m and below the crown | 1,831 | 8.85 | ||
| 倒伏 Uprooted | 1.3 m以下处折断或倒伏 Uprooted or broken below 1.3 m | 3,775 | 18.24 |
Fig. 1 Distribution of habitat types of the Gutianshan 24 ha plot
| 模型 Model | 自由度 df | 赤池信息量准则 AIC |
|---|---|---|
| 全模型 Full model | 42 | 67307.86 |
| -物候型 Leaf habit | 36 | 67468.36 |
| -生长型 Life form | 36 | 67638.26 |
| -生境类型 Habitat | 24 | 68044.74 |
| -胸径 DBH | 36 | 69572.91 |
Table 2 Influence of four ecological factors on goodness-of- fit of the multinomial logit model
| 模型 Model | 自由度 df | 赤池信息量准则 AIC |
|---|---|---|
| 全模型 Full model | 42 | 67307.86 |
| -物候型 Leaf habit | 36 | 67468.36 |
| -生长型 Life form | 36 | 67638.26 |
| -生境类型 Habitat | 24 | 68044.74 |
| -胸径 DBH | 36 | 69572.91 |
| log(πU/πN) | log(πS/πN) | log(πBR/πN) | log(πBL1/πN) | log(πBL2/πN) | log(πBE/πN) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 截距项 Intercept | 0.23 | -0.16(ns) | -1.00 | -2.10 | -1.55 | 0.37 |
| 胸径 DBH | 0.00(ns) | -0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.06 | -0.16 |
| 生境类型(对照为低海拔山谷) Habitat type (low valley as base-line category) | ||||||
| 低海拔山脊 Low ridge | -0.83 | -0.81 | -0.56 | -0.52 | -0.12 | -0.65 |
| 高海拔山谷 High valley | -0.56 | -0.58 | -0.56 | -0.31 | -0.05(ns) | -1.30 |
| 高海拔山脊 High ridge | -1.74 | -0.91 | -0.50 | -0.52 | -0.46 | -1.40 |
| 物候型(对照为常绿) Leaf habit (evergreen as base-line category) | ||||||
| 落叶 Deciduous | -0.48 | -0.55 | -0.71 | -0.63 | -0.32 | -0.88 |
| 生长型(对照为乔木) Life form (tree as base-line category) | ||||||
| 灌木 Shrub | -0.53 | -0.72 | -1.16 | -0.56 | -0.44 | -0.14(ns) |
Table 3 Analysis of factors for tree damage types by multinomial logit model
| log(πU/πN) | log(πS/πN) | log(πBR/πN) | log(πBL1/πN) | log(πBL2/πN) | log(πBE/πN) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 截距项 Intercept | 0.23 | -0.16(ns) | -1.00 | -2.10 | -1.55 | 0.37 |
| 胸径 DBH | 0.00(ns) | -0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.06 | -0.16 |
| 生境类型(对照为低海拔山谷) Habitat type (low valley as base-line category) | ||||||
| 低海拔山脊 Low ridge | -0.83 | -0.81 | -0.56 | -0.52 | -0.12 | -0.65 |
| 高海拔山谷 High valley | -0.56 | -0.58 | -0.56 | -0.31 | -0.05(ns) | -1.30 |
| 高海拔山脊 High ridge | -1.74 | -0.91 | -0.50 | -0.52 | -0.46 | -1.40 |
| 物候型(对照为常绿) Leaf habit (evergreen as base-line category) | ||||||
| 落叶 Deciduous | -0.48 | -0.55 | -0.71 | -0.63 | -0.32 | -0.88 |
| 生长型(对照为乔木) Life form (tree as base-line category) | ||||||
| 灌木 Shrub | -0.53 | -0.72 | -1.16 | -0.56 | -0.44 | -0.14(ns) |
| 生境类型 Habitat type | 总数 Total | 倒伏 Uprooted | 折断 Snapping | 压弯 Bent | 断梢 Broken within crown | 断枝多 Severe branch loss | 断枝少 Slight branch loss | 正常 Undamaged | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低海拔山谷 | 7,821 | 24.50% | 11.19% | 3.98% | 7.70% | 13.41% | 13.89% | 25.34% | |
| Low valley | (12.95) | (6.96) | (5.62) | (1.84) | (1.35) | (-5.56) | (-12.57) | ||
| 低海拔山脊 | 9,566 | 15.35% | 7.09% | 2.45% | 6.68% | 12.89% | 19.03% | 36.53% | |
| Low ridge | (-6.63) | (-5.79) | (-2.58) | (-1.69) | (0.07) | (6.26) | (4.98) | ||
| 高海拔山谷 | 1,277 | 18.64% | 8.46% | 1.33% | 6.03% | 13.23% | 17.78% | 34.53% | |
| High valley | (0.33) | (-0.47) | (-3.28) | (-1.49) | (0.37) | (1.19) | (0.59) | ||
| 高海拔山脊 | 2,029 | 7.54% | 8.38% | 1.82% | 7.89% | 10.40% | 13.16% | 50.81% | |
| High ridge | (-11.29) | (-0.71) | (-2.84) | (1.25) | (-3.10) | (-3.64) | (13.40) | ||
Table 4 Distribution of ice damage types among different habitat types
| 生境类型 Habitat type | 总数 Total | 倒伏 Uprooted | 折断 Snapping | 压弯 Bent | 断梢 Broken within crown | 断枝多 Severe branch loss | 断枝少 Slight branch loss | 正常 Undamaged | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低海拔山谷 | 7,821 | 24.50% | 11.19% | 3.98% | 7.70% | 13.41% | 13.89% | 25.34% | |
| Low valley | (12.95) | (6.96) | (5.62) | (1.84) | (1.35) | (-5.56) | (-12.57) | ||
| 低海拔山脊 | 9,566 | 15.35% | 7.09% | 2.45% | 6.68% | 12.89% | 19.03% | 36.53% | |
| Low ridge | (-6.63) | (-5.79) | (-2.58) | (-1.69) | (0.07) | (6.26) | (4.98) | ||
| 高海拔山谷 | 1,277 | 18.64% | 8.46% | 1.33% | 6.03% | 13.23% | 17.78% | 34.53% | |
| High valley | (0.33) | (-0.47) | (-3.28) | (-1.49) | (0.37) | (1.19) | (0.59) | ||
| 高海拔山脊 | 2,029 | 7.54% | 8.38% | 1.82% | 7.89% | 10.40% | 13.16% | 50.81% | |
| High ridge | (-11.29) | (-0.71) | (-2.84) | (1.25) | (-3.10) | (-3.64) | (13.40) | ||
| 径级 Diameter class (cm) | 总数 Total | 倒伏 Uprooted | 折断 Snapping | 压弯 Bent | 断梢 Broken within crown | 断枝多 Severe branch loss | 断枝少 Slight branch loss | 正常 Undamaged |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-10 | 4,071 | 19.90% | 10.17% | 7.59% | 4.77% | 3.02% | 6.71% | 47.85% |
| (2.47) | (2.83) | (17.61) | (-5.68) | (-17.51) | (-15.31) | (15.72) | ||
| 10-15 | 5,768 | 19.61% | 11.22% | 3.59% | 6.83% | 5.95% | 10.94% | 41.87% |
| (2.43) | (6.05) | (3.10) | (-0.89) | (-14.65) | (-10.29) | (10.87) | ||
| 15-20 | 3,590 | 19.42% | 9.14% | 1.59% | 8.77% | 11.11% | 19.05% | 30.92% |
| (1.64) | (0.58) | (-4.60) | (3.66) | (-2.92) | (3.88) | (-2.75) | ||
| 20-30 | 4,339 | 18.85% | 7.58% | 0.55% | 9.75% | 19.54% | 23.72% | 20.00% |
| (0.94) | (-2.80) | (-9.07) | (6.42) | (12.27) | (11.84) | (15.43) | ||
| 30-45 | 2,449 | 11.51% | 4.08% | 0.08% | 5.39% | 31.97% | 27.36% | 19.60% |
| (-7.80) | (-7.93) | (-8.18) | (-3.25) | (26.36) | (13.34) | (-11.94) | ||
| 45-88 | 476 | 7.77% | 2.73% | 0.00% | 4.20% | 34.87% | 23.74% | 26.68% |
| (-5.35) | (-4.49) | (-3.71) | (-2.40) | (13.39) | (3.93) | (-2.60) |
Table 5 Distribution of ice damage types among DBH gradients
| 径级 Diameter class (cm) | 总数 Total | 倒伏 Uprooted | 折断 Snapping | 压弯 Bent | 断梢 Broken within crown | 断枝多 Severe branch loss | 断枝少 Slight branch loss | 正常 Undamaged |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-10 | 4,071 | 19.90% | 10.17% | 7.59% | 4.77% | 3.02% | 6.71% | 47.85% |
| (2.47) | (2.83) | (17.61) | (-5.68) | (-17.51) | (-15.31) | (15.72) | ||
| 10-15 | 5,768 | 19.61% | 11.22% | 3.59% | 6.83% | 5.95% | 10.94% | 41.87% |
| (2.43) | (6.05) | (3.10) | (-0.89) | (-14.65) | (-10.29) | (10.87) | ||
| 15-20 | 3,590 | 19.42% | 9.14% | 1.59% | 8.77% | 11.11% | 19.05% | 30.92% |
| (1.64) | (0.58) | (-4.60) | (3.66) | (-2.92) | (3.88) | (-2.75) | ||
| 20-30 | 4,339 | 18.85% | 7.58% | 0.55% | 9.75% | 19.54% | 23.72% | 20.00% |
| (0.94) | (-2.80) | (-9.07) | (6.42) | (12.27) | (11.84) | (15.43) | ||
| 30-45 | 2,449 | 11.51% | 4.08% | 0.08% | 5.39% | 31.97% | 27.36% | 19.60% |
| (-7.80) | (-7.93) | (-8.18) | (-3.25) | (26.36) | (13.34) | (-11.94) | ||
| 45-88 | 476 | 7.77% | 2.73% | 0.00% | 4.20% | 34.87% | 23.74% | 26.68% |
| (-5.35) | (-4.49) | (-3.71) | (-2.40) | (13.39) | (3.93) | (-2.60) |
| DCA1 | DCA2 | DCA3 | DCA4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 雪灾前 Before ice-storm | 0.352 | 0.113 | 0.087 | 0.067 |
| 雪灾后 After ice-storm | 0.366 | 0.129 | 0.105 | 0.070 |
Table 6 Eigenvalues for the first four axes of DCA before and after ice-storm
| DCA1 | DCA2 | DCA3 | DCA4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 雪灾前 Before ice-storm | 0.352 | 0.113 | 0.087 | 0.067 |
| 雪灾后 After ice-storm | 0.366 | 0.129 | 0.105 | 0.070 |
Fig. 2 Variation between axes scores of DCA before and after the ice-storm
Fig. 3 Heterogeneity of species response to ice-storm
| 物种 Species | P-value | 多度 Abundance | 死亡数目 Number of death | 死亡率 Death rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei | 0.0001 | 5,065 | 1,172 | 23.14 |
| 马尾松 Pinus massoniana | 0.0001 | 1,128 | 116 | 10.28 |
| 短柄枹栎 Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata | 0.0001 | 2,031 | 254 | 12.51 |
| 木荷 Schima superba | 0.0001 | 2,885 | 686 | 23.78 |
| 厚皮香 Ternstroemia gymnanthera | 0.0207 | 623 | 146 | 23.43 |
| 杨梅蚊母树 Distylium myricoides | 0.0379 | 720 | 174 | 24.17 |
| 野漆 Toxicodendron succedaneum | 0.0676 | 133 | 28 | 21.05 |
| 杨梅 Myrica rubra | 0.2225 | 396 | 100 | 25.25 |
| 山合欢 Albizia kalkora | 0.3688 | 183 | 47 | 25.68 |
| 红淡比 Cleyera japonica | 0.4007 | 68 | 17 | 25.00 |
| 乌饭树 Vaccinium bracteatum | 0.6900 | 62 | 18 | 29.03 |
| 格药柃 Eurya muricata | 0.7197 | 214 | 61 | 28.50 |
| 栲树 C. fargesii | 0.8723 | 201 | 61 | 30.35 |
| 香桂 Cinnamomum subavenium | 0.8983 | 53 | 18 | 33.96 |
| 浙江柿 Diospyros glaucifolia | 0.9124 | 98 | 32 | 32.65 |
| 钩栲 C. tibetana | 0.9158 | 68 | 23 | 33.82 |
| 黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana | 0.9274 | 126 | 41 | 32.54 |
| 杜英 Elaeocarpus decipiens | 0.9567 | 152 | 50 | 32.89 |
| 赤楠 Syzygium buxifolium | 0.9606 | 131 | 44 | 33.59 |
| 红枝柴 Meliosma oldhamii | 0.9764 | 166 | 56 | 33.73 |
| 石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri | 0.9801 | 66 | 25 | 37.88 |
| 光萼林檎 Malus leiocalyca | 0.9838 | 90 | 33 | 36.67 |
| 日本杜英 E. japonicus | 0.9866 | 61 | 24 | 39.34 |
| 赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei | 0.9872 | 97 | 36 | 37.11 |
| 细叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia | 0.9900 | 215 | 73 | 33.95 |
| 杨桐 Adinandra millettii | 0.9977 | 200 | 72 | 36.00 |
| 宁波木犀 Osmanthus cooperi | 0.9980 | 51 | 23 | 45.10 |
| 红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 0.9996 | 421 | 144 | 34.20 |
| 苦枥木 Fraxinus insularis | 0.9998 | 175 | 69 | 39.43 |
| 紫果槭 Acer cordatum | 0.9999 | 61 | 28 | 45.90 |
| 青冈 C. glauca | 1.0000 | 771 | 349 | 45.27 |
| 虎皮楠 Daphniphyllum oldhamii | 1.0000 | 818 | 323 | 39.49 |
| 石栎 Lithocarpus glaber | 1.0000 | 447 | 240 | 53.69 |
| 檵木 Loropetalum chinense | 1.0000 | 864 | 347 | 40.16 |
| 浙江新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis | 1.0000 | 151 | 79 | 52.32 |
| 麂角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae | 1.0000 | 379 | 147 | 38.79 |
| 马银花 R. ovatum | 1.0000 | 534 | 189 | 35.39 |
Table 7 Appendix I Susceptibility of 37 common species to ice storm
| 物种 Species | P-value | 多度 Abundance | 死亡数目 Number of death | 死亡率 Death rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei | 0.0001 | 5,065 | 1,172 | 23.14 |
| 马尾松 Pinus massoniana | 0.0001 | 1,128 | 116 | 10.28 |
| 短柄枹栎 Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata | 0.0001 | 2,031 | 254 | 12.51 |
| 木荷 Schima superba | 0.0001 | 2,885 | 686 | 23.78 |
| 厚皮香 Ternstroemia gymnanthera | 0.0207 | 623 | 146 | 23.43 |
| 杨梅蚊母树 Distylium myricoides | 0.0379 | 720 | 174 | 24.17 |
| 野漆 Toxicodendron succedaneum | 0.0676 | 133 | 28 | 21.05 |
| 杨梅 Myrica rubra | 0.2225 | 396 | 100 | 25.25 |
| 山合欢 Albizia kalkora | 0.3688 | 183 | 47 | 25.68 |
| 红淡比 Cleyera japonica | 0.4007 | 68 | 17 | 25.00 |
| 乌饭树 Vaccinium bracteatum | 0.6900 | 62 | 18 | 29.03 |
| 格药柃 Eurya muricata | 0.7197 | 214 | 61 | 28.50 |
| 栲树 C. fargesii | 0.8723 | 201 | 61 | 30.35 |
| 香桂 Cinnamomum subavenium | 0.8983 | 53 | 18 | 33.96 |
| 浙江柿 Diospyros glaucifolia | 0.9124 | 98 | 32 | 32.65 |
| 钩栲 C. tibetana | 0.9158 | 68 | 23 | 33.82 |
| 黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana | 0.9274 | 126 | 41 | 32.54 |
| 杜英 Elaeocarpus decipiens | 0.9567 | 152 | 50 | 32.89 |
| 赤楠 Syzygium buxifolium | 0.9606 | 131 | 44 | 33.59 |
| 红枝柴 Meliosma oldhamii | 0.9764 | 166 | 56 | 33.73 |
| 石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri | 0.9801 | 66 | 25 | 37.88 |
| 光萼林檎 Malus leiocalyca | 0.9838 | 90 | 33 | 36.67 |
| 日本杜英 E. japonicus | 0.9866 | 61 | 24 | 39.34 |
| 赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei | 0.9872 | 97 | 36 | 37.11 |
| 细叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia | 0.9900 | 215 | 73 | 33.95 |
| 杨桐 Adinandra millettii | 0.9977 | 200 | 72 | 36.00 |
| 宁波木犀 Osmanthus cooperi | 0.9980 | 51 | 23 | 45.10 |
| 红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 0.9996 | 421 | 144 | 34.20 |
| 苦枥木 Fraxinus insularis | 0.9998 | 175 | 69 | 39.43 |
| 紫果槭 Acer cordatum | 0.9999 | 61 | 28 | 45.90 |
| 青冈 C. glauca | 1.0000 | 771 | 349 | 45.27 |
| 虎皮楠 Daphniphyllum oldhamii | 1.0000 | 818 | 323 | 39.49 |
| 石栎 Lithocarpus glaber | 1.0000 | 447 | 240 | 53.69 |
| 檵木 Loropetalum chinense | 1.0000 | 864 | 347 | 40.16 |
| 浙江新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis | 1.0000 | 151 | 79 | 52.32 |
| 麂角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae | 1.0000 | 379 | 147 | 38.79 |
| 马银花 R. ovatum | 1.0000 | 534 | 189 | 35.39 |
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