Effects of annual and perennial potted legume forages on soil nematode communities in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

doi:10.17520/biods.2024040

Abstract

Abstract:

Aim This study aimed to reveal the effects of annual and perennial legume forages on soil nematode communities and to provide technical support for scientifically planting legume forages in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

Methods An annual leguminous Vicia villosa (VV) and a perennial leguminous Medicago sativa (MS) were selected and cultivated in pots in Hongyuan County (northwest Sichuan) from 2020 to 2022. Herbaceous plants from natural grasslands were also cultivated in pots as the control (CK). Taxonomic composition, density, diversity and trophic groups of soil nematode communities were analyzed in late September for each year. Height, coverage, biomass of plants and soil properties were also measured during the study.

Results (1) The differences in taxonomic composition structure of nematode communities were significant among three different treatments and increased across cultivating years. (2) Soil nematode community density in VV was significantly higher than that in MS and CK (P < 0.05). The taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener index in MS were significantly higher than those in VV and CK (P < 0.05). The taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener index in VV and the density and Shannon-Wiener index in MS declined significantly over years. (3) The density of fungivores and plant parasites nematodes were significantly higher, and the relative density of omnivores-predation nematodes were significantly lower in VV than in MS and CK (P < 0.05). The relative density of plant parasites nematodes was significantly lower in MS than in VV and CK (P < 0.05). The relative density declined significantly for bacterivores and increased significantly for plant parasites over the course of the study in VV. The density of bacterivores and fungivores and the relative density of bacterivores decreased significantly with increasing cultivation years in MS and CK, with the relative density of omnivores-predation responding oppositely. (4) The basal, structural and channel indices of soil nematode communities were significantly higher in the VV than those in the MS. (5) The main environmental factors affecting soil nematode communities were soil pH, available potassium, plant community height, coverage, and aboveground biomass.

Conclusion Our findings indicate that the nematodes are more abundant in annual legume forages and more diverse in perennial legume forage. Therefore, intercropping annual and perennial leguminous forages may benefit promoting the density, diversity, and ecological functions of nematode communities.

Key words: soil animals, legume forages, pot experiment, diversity, alpine grasslands

Yixin Sun, Chunyu Hou, Lei Zhou, Xue Wei, Jinhao Ma, Juan Xue, Xiaohan Li, Pengfei Wu. Effects of annual and perennial potted legume forages on soil nematode communities in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(7): 24040.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024040

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I7/24040

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Principal component analysis of soil nematode community composition in different cultivating years (A, B, C) and different treatments (D, E, F). VV, Vicia villosa; MS, Medicago sativa; CK, Control.

Fig. 2 Density and diversity of soil nematode community in different cultivating years and different treatments. VV, Vicia villosa; MS, Medicago sativa; CK, Control. F represents the effects of forages, Y represents the effects of cultivating years, and F × Y represents the interactional effects of forages and cultivating years. F represents the parameter test, H represents the nonparametric test. Different capital letters represent the significant difference between treatments (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters represent the significant difference between different cultivating years (P < 0.05) of the same treatment.

Fig. 3 Density of different trophic groups of soil nematode communities in different cultivating years and different treatments. VV, Vicia villosa; MS, Medicago sativa; CK, Control. F represents the effects of forages, Y represents the effects of cultivating years, and F × Y represents the interactional effects of forages and cultivating years. F represents the parameter test, H represents the nonparametric test; Different capital letters represent the significant difference between treatments (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters represent the significant difference between the different cultivating years (P < 0.05) of the same treatment.

Fig. 4 Ecological indices of soil nematode communities. VV, Vicia villosa; MS, Medicago sativa; CK, Control. F represents the effects of forages, Y represents the effects of cultivating years, and F × Y represents the interactional effects of forages and cultivating years. F represents the parameter test, H represents the nonparametric test. Different capital letters represent the significant difference between treatments (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters represent the significant difference between different cultivating years (P < 0.05) of the same treatment.

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis on the relationships between soil nematode community and environmental factors. VV, Vicia villosa; MS, Medicago sativa; CK, Control. AB, Aboveground biomass; Coverage, Plant community coverage; RB, Root biomass; Height, Plant community height; SOC, Soil organic carbon; AP, Available P; AN, Available N; AK, Available K; WC, Soil water content.

Fig. 6 Heat map of correlation analysis between indices of soil nematode community and environmental factors. AB, Aboveground biomass; RB, Root biomass; WC, Soil water content; Height, Plant community height; AK, Available K; Coverage, Plant community coverage; SOC, Soil organic carbon; AN, Available N; AP, Available P; Ba, Bacterivores; Fu, Fungivores; Om, Omnivores-predation; Pl, Plant parasites. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

References 59

[1]	Bardgett RD, van der Putten WH (2014) Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature, 515, 505-511.
[2]	Bardgett RD, Wardle DA (2011) Aboveground-Belowground Linkages: Biotic Interactions, Ecosystem Processes, and Global Change. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[3]	Bell NL, Watson RN (2001) Population dynamics of Paratylenchus nanus in soil under pasture: 1. Aggregation and abiotic factors. Nematology, 3, 187-197.
[4]	Bengtsson J, Viketoft M, Petchey O, Huss DK, Berg MP (2009) Long-term effects of plant diversity and composition on soil nematode communities in model grasslands. Ecology, 90, 90-99. DOI PMID
[5]	Blanchart E, Villenave C, Viallatoux A, Barthès B, Girardin C, Azontonde A, Feller C (2006) Long-term effect of a legume cover crop (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) on the communities of soil macrofauna and nematofauna, under maize cultivation, in southern Benin. European Journal of Soil Biology, 42, S136-S144.
[6]	Bongers T (1990) The maturity index: An ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia, 83, 14-19. DOI PMID
[7]	Christensen S, Griffiths BS, Ekelund F, Rønn R (1992) Huge increase in bacterivores on freshly killed barley roots. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 86, 303-309.
[8]	Dai JH, Wu PF, Tang SS, Wang CT, Wang YY, Ren X, Wei X (2023) Effects of altered precipitation on soil nematode communities in an alpine meadow. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43, 9371-9383. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[代江慧, 吴鹏飞, 唐思思, 王长庭, 王玉英, 任晓, 魏雪 (2023) 降水变化对高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的影响. 生态学报, 43, 9371-9383.]
[9]	De Deyn GB, Raaijmakers CE, Van Ruijven J, Berendse F, van der Putten WH (2004) Plant species identity and diversity effects on different trophic levels of nematodes in the soil food web. Oikos, 106, 576-586.
[10]	De KJ, Xu CT (2009) Wild legume grass—Medicago archiducis-Nicolai Sirj planting and domesticating in alpine region. Seed, 28(7), 73-75. (in Chinese)
	[德科加, 徐成体 (2009) 高寒地区天然豆科牧草——青藏扁蓿豆的引种驯化. 种子, 28(7), 73-75.]
[11]	De La Peña E, Echeverria SR, van der Putten WH, Freitas H, Moens M (2006) Mechanism of control of root-feeding nematodes by mycorrhizal fungi in the dune grass Ammophila arenaria. New Phytologist, 169, 829-840.
[12]	Dong SK, Pu XP, Hu ZZ (2013) Productive and Ecological Paradigm of Alpine Cultivated Grasslands in the Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[董世魁, 蒲小鹏, 胡自治 (2013) 青藏高原高寒人工草地生产-生态范式研究. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[13]	Ferris H, Bongers T (1999) Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14, 224-228.
[14]	Ferris H, Bongers T, de Goede RGM (2001) A framework for soil food web diagnostics: Extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Applied Soil Ecology, 18, 13-29.
[15]	Freckman DW, Caswell EP (1985) The ecology of nematodes in agroecosystems. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 23, 275-296.
[16]	Freckman DW, Ettema CH (1993) Assessing nematode communities in agroecosystems of varying human intervention. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 45, 239-261.
[17]	Geng DZ, Huang JH, Huo N, Wang N, Yang PP, Zhao SW (2020) Characteristics of soil microbial and nematode communities under artificial Medicago sativa grasslands with different cultivation years in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 1365-1377. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[耿德洲, 黄菁华, 霍娜, 王楠, 杨盼盼, 赵世伟 (2020) 黄土高原半干旱区不同种植年限紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤微生物和线虫群落特征. 应用生态学报, 31, 1365-1377.] DOI
[18]	Giannakis N (1990) Interactions Between Mycophagous Nematodes, Mycorrhizal and Other Soil Fungi. PhD dissertation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
[19]	Griffiths BS, Ekelund F, Rønn R, Christensen S (1993) Protozoa and nematodes on decomposing barley roots. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 1293-1295.
[20]	Hua JF, Jiang Q, Bai JF, Ding F, Lin XG, Yin YL (2014) Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 84, 176-184.
[21]	Inserra RN, Griffin GD, Sisson DV (1983) Effects of temperature and root leachates on embryogenic development and hatching of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. hapla. Journal of Nematology, 15, 123-127. PMID
[22]	Jiang YJ, Sun B, Li HX, Li MQ, Chen LJ, Zhou S (2015) Aggregate-related changes in network patterns of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in an acidic soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 88, 101-109.
[23]	Kooyers NJ (2015) The evolution of drought escape and avoidance in natural herbaceous populations. Plant Science, 234, 155-162. DOI PMID
[24]	Kou XC, Su TQ, Ma NN, Li Q, Wang P, Wu ZF, Liang WJ, Cheng WX (2018) Soil micro-food web interactions and rhizosphere priming effect. Plant and Soil, 432, 129-142.
[25]	Lagerlöf J, Insunza V, Lundegårdh B, Rämert B (2011) Interaction between a fungal plant disease, fungivorous nematodes and compost suppressiveness. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B: Soil & Plant Science, 61, 372-377.
[26]	Li Q, Liang WJ, Jiang Y (2007) Present situation and prospect of soil nematode diversity in farmland ecosystems. Biodiversity Science, 15, 134-141. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[李琪, 梁文举, 姜勇 (2007) 农田土壤线虫多样性研究现状及展望. 生物多样性, 15, 134-141.] DOI
[27]	Liu WH, Zhou QP, Jia ZF, Liang GL (2010) Effects of potassium fertilization on fodder yield and root system of Avena sativa cv. Qingyin No. 1. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 16, 419-424. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘文辉, 周青平, 贾志锋, 梁国玲 (2010) 施钾对青引1号燕麦草产量及根系的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 16, 419-424.]
[28]	Liu XY, Long RJ, Shang ZH (2012) Interactive mechanism of service function of alpine rangeland ecosystems in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 7688-7697. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘兴元, 龙瑞军, 尚占环 (2012) 青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制. 生态学报, 32, 7688-7697.]
[29]	Liu YF, Liu P, Wang WY, Mao XF, Dong SK, Yang C, Gao JC (2020) The research progress of soil nematodes as ecological indicator organisms. Ecological Science, 39, 207-214. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘艳方, 刘攀, 王文颖, 毛旭峰, 董世魁, 杨冲, 高俊程 (2020) 土壤线虫作为生态指示生物的研究进展. 生态科学, 39, 207-214.]
[30]	Lynch MJ, Mulvaney MJ, Hodges SC, Thompson TL, Thomason WE (2016) Decomposition, nitrogen and carbon mineralization from food and cover crop residues in the central plateau of Haiti. SpringerPlus, 5, 973. DOI PMID
[31]	Ma JH, Luan JW, Wang H, Ye XD, Wang Y, Ming AG, Liu SR (2023) Differential impacts of tree root and litter on soil nematode communities in three artificial stands in subtropical south China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43, 7367-7380. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[马金豪, 栾军伟, 王晖, 叶晓丹, 王一, 明安刚, 刘世荣 (2023) 乔木根系和凋落物对南亚热带3种人工林中土壤线虫群落的差异化影响. 生态学报, 43, 7367-7380.]
[32]	Mariotte P, Mehrabi Z, Bezemer TM, de Deyn GB, Kulmatiski A, Drigo B, Veen GF, van der Heijden MGA, Kardol P (2018) Plant-soil feedback: Bridging natural and agricultural sciences. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33, 129-142.
[33]	Nanjing Agricultural College (1980) Soil Agro-chemistry Analysis. China Agriculture Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[南京农学院 (1980) 土壤农化分析. 中国农业出版社, 北京.]
[34]	Ning ZY, Li YL, Zhao XY, Han D, Zhan J (2022) Comparison of leaf and fine root traits between annuals and perennials, implicating the mechanism of species changes in desertified grasslands. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 778547.
[35]	Qu SL, Wu YF, Liu ZK, Wang GL, Chen YJ, Rong YP (2022) Research progress for effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and development of alfalfa. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 30, 2529-2534. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[瞿宋林, 吴一凡, 刘忠宽, 王国良, 陈妍静, 戎郁萍 (2022) 丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿生长发育特性的影响. 草地学报, 30, 2529-2534.] DOI
[36]	Sprunger CD, Culman SW, Peralta AL, DuPont ST, Lennon JT, Snapp SS (2019) Perennial grain crop roots and nitrogen management shape soil food webs and soil carbon dynamics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 137, 107573.
[37]	Taylor K, Samaddar S, Schmidt R, Lundy M, Scow K (2023) Soil carbon storage and compositional responses of soil microbial communities under perennial grain IWG vs. annual wheat. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 184, 10911.
[38]	Viketoft M, Palmborg C, Sohlenius B, Huss DK, Bengtsson J (2005) Plant species effects on soil nematode communities in experimental grasslands. Applied Soil Ecology, 30, 90-103.
[39]	Wang FC, Wei XH, Ma SJ (2021) The study on forage yield and stocking rate of alpine meadow based on normalized difference vegetation index data. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 43(7), 78-85. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[王福成, 魏学红, 马素洁 (2021) 基于NDVI数据的高寒草甸产量及载畜状况研究——以2019年青海玉树州为例. 中国草地学报, 43(7), 78-85.]
[40]	Wang YT, Niu KC (2020) Effect of soil environment on functional diversity of soil nematodes in Tibetan alpine meadows. Biodiversity Science, 28, 707-717. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[王宇彤, 牛克昌 (2020) 青藏高原高寒草甸土壤环境对线虫功能多样性的影响. 生物多样性, 28, 707-717.] DOI
[41]	Wardle DA (2002) Communities and Ecosystems:Linking the Aboveground and Belowground Components. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
[42]	Wardle DA, Bardgett RD, Klironomos J, Setälä H, van der Putten WH, Wall DH (2004) Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science, 304, 1629-1633. DOI PMID
[43]	Wardle DA, Yeates GW, Williamson W, Bonner KI (2003) The response of a three trophic level soil food web to the identity and diversity of plant species and functional groups. Oikos, 102, 45-56.
[44]	Wei X, Li Y, Wu PF (2022) Effects of artificial grasslands with different forage species on soil nematode communities on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 42, 1071-1087. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[魏雪, 李雨, 吴鹏飞 (2022) 青藏高原不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响. 生态学报, 42, 1071-1087.]
[45]	Xiao Y, Ji SAW, Zhao WX, Tian LH (2022) Soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial biomass characteristics of different artificial grasslands in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 44(9), 90-99. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[肖颖, 吉使阿微, 赵文学, 田莉华 (2022) 青藏高原东缘不同人工草地土壤养分、酶活性及微生物生物量特征. 中国草地学报, 44(9), 90-99.]
[46]	Xue HY, Hu F, Luo DQ (2013) Effects of alpine meadow plant communities on soil nematode functional structure in Northern Tibet, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33, 1482-1494. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[薛会英, 胡锋, 罗大庆 (2013) 藏北高寒草甸植物群落对土壤线虫群落功能结构的影响. 生态学报, 33, 1482-1494.]
[47]	Yang QC, Kang JM, Zhang TJ, Liu FQ, Long RC, Sun Y (2016) Distribution, breeding and utilization of alfalfa germplasm resources. Chinese Science Bulletin, 61, 261-270. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[杨青川, 康俊梅, 张铁军, 刘凤歧, 龙瑞才, 孙彦 (2016) 苜蓿种质资源的分布、育种与利用. 科学通报, 61, 261-270.]
[48]	Yang R, Wu PF, Wei X (2020) Effects of the transformation from natural alpine grassland to artificial oat grassland on the soil nematode communities. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40, 4903-4920. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[杨锐, 吴鹏飞, 魏雪 (2020) 天然高寒草地转变为燕麦人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响. 生态学报, 40, 4903-4920.]
[49]	Yang Y, Zhang N, Jiang LL, Chen KL (2021) Effects of simulated precipitation on soil edaphic physicochemical factors and microbial community characteristics in Bird Island of Qinghai Lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 29, 1043-1052. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[杨阳, 章妮, 蒋莉莉, 陈克龙 (2021) 青海湖高寒草地土壤理化性质及微生物群落特征对模拟降水的响应. 草地学报, 29, 1043-1052.] DOI
[50]	Yeates GW, Bongers T (1999) Nematode diversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 74, 113-135.
[51]	Yeates GW, Bongers T, De Goede RG, Freckman DW, Georgieva SS (1993) Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera—An outline for soil ecologists. Journal of Nematology, 25, 315-331. PMID
[52]	Yin WY (2000) Pictorial Keys to Soil Animals of China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[尹文英 (2000) 中国土壤动物检索图鉴. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[53]	Yin XQ, Song B, Dong WH, Xin WD (2010) A review on the eco-geography of soil fauna in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65, 91-102. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[殷秀琴, 宋博, 董炜华, 辛未冬 (2010) 我国土壤动物生态地理研究进展. 地理学报, 65, 91-102.]
[54]	Yu H, Liu Y, Deng Y, Lu GX, Yan HL, Wang YC (2023) Effects of the transformation from natural alpine grassland to mixed artificial grassland on the characteristics of soil microbial community. Environmental Science, 44, 2928-2935. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[于皓, 刘悦, 邓晔, 芦光新, 颜珲璘, 王英成 (2023) 天然高寒草地转变为混播人工草地对土壤微生物群落特征的影响. 环境科学, 44, 2928-2935.]
[55]	Zhang CZ, Xue JR, Li N, Xue WF, Chen XY, Hu F, Liu MQ (2022) Afterlife effect of cover crops on soil nematode food web: Implications from the plant ecological strategy. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 58, 937-947.
[56]	Zhang XK, Liang WJ, Li Q (2013) Forest Soil Nematodes in Changbai Mountain: Morphology and Distribution. China Agriculture Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[张晓珂, 梁文举, 李琪 (2013) 长白山森林土壤线虫: 形态分类与分布格局. 中国农业出版社, 北京.]
[57]	Zhao CC, Li Y, Zhang CL, Miao Y, Liu MZ, Zhuang WL, Shao YH, Zhang WX, Fu SL (2021) Considerable impacts of litter inputs on soil nematode community composition in a young Acacia crassicapa plantation. Soil Ecology Letters, 3, 145-155.
[58]	Zhao J, Wang FM, Li J, Zou B, Wang XL, Li ZA, Fu SL (2014) Effects of experimental nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions on soil nematode communities in a secondary tropical forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 75, 1-10.
[59]	Zhou TQ, Kong WD, Chen H (2023) Research progress of grassland soil microorganisms in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 42, 983-990. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[周天祺, 孔维栋, 陈昊 (2023) 青藏高原草地土壤微生物研究进展. 生态学杂志, 42, 983-990.]