Diversity of butterfly communities in Jimusaer County, Xinjiang

doi:10.17520/biods.2020065

Abstract

Abstract:

Butterflies are indicator species that are widely used in biodiversity monitoring and environmental quality assessments. Here, we assessed the diversity of the butterfly community in Jimusaer County, Xinjiang, to guide recommendations for the protection of local butterfly diversity and environmental monitoring. We surveyed the species and community diversity of butterflies in five different habitat types, including Piedmont desert, farmland, mountain grassland, mountain forest, and subalpine meadow in Jimusar County, Xinjiang using the line transect sampling method from May to August in 2016-2018. We collected a total of 4,401 individuals belonging to 26 genera, 7 families, and 38 species. Nymphalidae was the dominant family with 9 genera and 12 species. Pieridae had the largest number of individuals, accounting for 55.01% of the total recorded. Pamassiidae, Papilioidae, and Hesperiidae had the fewest number of species and individuals—each family had only one species, which were rarely observed in the study region. By analysing and comparing the diversity and similarity of butterfly communities in different habitats, we found that diversity was greatest in sub-alpine meadows and lowest in Piedmont desert. Mountain forest, mountain grassland, and farmland had intermediate levels of diversity. The similarity coefficient was highest between mountain forests and sub-alpine meadows (0.77) and lowest between Piedmont deserts and mountain grasslands (0.37). Butterfly species richness and diversity increased with elevation. We also found that the number of butterfly species and individuals changed over the course of a year and were highest from May to July. The total number of individuals decreased over the three-year study period. Our results show that butterfly community composition and diversity are closely related to habitat types. Therefore, protecting the ecological environment, maintaining a diversity of plant communities, and reducing the degree of human disturbance in the region are key to conserving butterfly diversity.

Key words: butterfly monitoring, habitat, biodiversity, population dynamics, environmental protection

Zhifeng Xu, Wen Zhong, Dongkang Zhang, Hongying Hu. Diversity of butterfly communities in Jimusaer County, Xinjiang[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(8): 993-1002.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020065

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I8/993

Figures/Tables 9

References 39

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生境类型 Habitat type	地点 Monitoring sites	经纬度 Locality	海拔 Altitude (m)	植被类型 Vegetation type
I	大有镇马家村 Majia Village, Dayou Town	89°03′59″ E	790-1,050	盐柴类半灌木、小半灌木 Salt wood subshrub, undershrub
I	大有镇马家村 Majia Village, Dayou Town	44°54′13″ N	790-1,050	盐柴类半灌木、小半灌木 Salt wood subshrub, undershrub
II	大有镇小份子村 Xiaofenzi Village, Dayou Town	89°02′38″ E	990-1,358	一年一熟旱地作物 Upland crop once a year
II	大有镇小份子村 Xiaofenzi Village, Dayou Town	43°48′30″ N	990-1,358	一年一熟旱地作物 Upland crop once a year
III	渭户沟村深沟湾 Shengou Bay, Weihu Gou Village	89°01′43″ E	1,470-1,676	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub
III	渭户沟村深沟湾 Shengou Bay, Weihu Gou Village	43°47′03″ N	1,470-1,676	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub
IV	渭户沟村护林站南 South of Forest Protection Station, Weihu Gou Village	89°01′01″ E	1,748-1,903	雪岭云杉林、灌木 Picea schrenkiana forest, shrubs
IV		43°46′06″ N	1,748-1,903	雪岭云杉林、灌木 Picea schrenkiana forest, shrubs
V	渭户沟村护林站 Forest Protection Station, Weihu Gou Village	88°59′25″ E	1,852-2,112	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub
V	渭户沟村护林站 Forest Protection Station, Weihu Gou Village	43°43′58″ N	1,852-2,112	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub

生境类型 Habitat type	地点 Monitoring sites	经纬度 Locality	海拔 Altitude (m)	植被类型 Vegetation type
I	大有镇马家村 Majia Village, Dayou Town	89°03′59″ E	790-1,050	盐柴类半灌木、小半灌木 Salt wood subshrub, undershrub
I	大有镇马家村 Majia Village, Dayou Town	44°54′13″ N	790-1,050	盐柴类半灌木、小半灌木 Salt wood subshrub, undershrub
II	大有镇小份子村 Xiaofenzi Village, Dayou Town	89°02′38″ E	990-1,358	一年一熟旱地作物 Upland crop once a year
II	大有镇小份子村 Xiaofenzi Village, Dayou Town	43°48′30″ N	990-1,358	一年一熟旱地作物 Upland crop once a year
III	渭户沟村深沟湾 Shengou Bay, Weihu Gou Village	89°01′43″ E	1,470-1,676	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub
III	渭户沟村深沟湾 Shengou Bay, Weihu Gou Village	43°47′03″ N	1,470-1,676	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub
IV	渭户沟村护林站南 South of Forest Protection Station, Weihu Gou Village	89°01′01″ E	1,748-1,903	雪岭云杉林、灌木 Picea schrenkiana forest, shrubs
IV		43°46′06″ N	1,748-1,903	雪岭云杉林、灌木 Picea schrenkiana forest, shrubs
V	渭户沟村护林站 Forest Protection Station, Weihu Gou Village	88°59′25″ E	1,852-2,112	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub
V	渭户沟村护林站 Forest Protection Station, Weihu Gou Village	43°43′58″ N	1,852-2,112	强旱生丛生禾草、旱生半灌木 Xeric grasses, xeric subshrub

种 Species	个体数 No. of individuals					总计 Total	相对多度Relative abundance (%)
种 Species	山前荒漠 Piedmont desert	农田 Farmland	山地草原 Mountain grassland	山地森林 Mountain forest	亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	总计 Total	相对多度Relative abundance (%)
斑缘豆粉蝶 Colias erate	74	121	136	56	30	417	9.48
豆粉蝶 Colias hyale	2	11	10	15	19	57	1.30
菜粉蝶 Pieris rapae	11	155	118	51	12	347	7.88
暗脉粉蝶 Pieris napi	0	67	38	71	13	189	4.29
黑纹粉蝶 Pieris melete	0	4	10	8	1	23	0.52
欧洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae	20	131	45	30	15	241	5.48
云粉蝶 Pieris brassicae	473	261	292	55	27	1,108	25.18
绿云粉蝶 Pontia chloridice	0	1	1	0	0	2	0.05
箭纹云粉蝶 Pontia callidice	0	0	0	30	7	37	0.84
斑网蛱蝶 Melitaea didymoides	5	0	0	2	41	48	1.09
狄网蛱蝶 Melitaea didyma	7	0	0	0	63	70	1.59
大网蛱蝶 Melitaea scotosia	0	0	0	0	2	2	0.05
荨麻蛱蝶 Aglais urticae	0	190	88	151	102	531	12.07
单环蛱蝶 Neptis rivularis	0	3	1	12	12	28	0.64
灿福蛱蝶 Fabriciana adippe	0	3	20	89	58	170	3.86
福蛱蝶 Fabriciana niobe	0	0	0	1	2	3	0.07
小红蛱蝶 Vanessa cardui	1	0	3	3	2	9	0.20
绿豹蛱蝶 Argynnis paphia	0	0	0	35	1	36	0.82
潘豹蛱蝶 Pandoriana pandora	0	0	0	1	0	1	0.02
朱蛱蝶 Nymphalis xanthomelas	0	1	2	0	16	19	0.43
珠蛱蝶 Issoria lathonia	0	0	0	3	1	4	0.09
玄灰蝶 Tongeia fischeri	0	0	0	0	3	3	0.07
阿点灰蝶 Agrodiaetus amandus	0	22	54	5	6	87	1.98
璃灰蝶 Celastrina argiola	0	34	28	2	4	68	1.55
克豆灰蝶 Plebejus christophi	69	7	11	4	0	91	2.07
埃灰蝶 Eumedonia eumedon	1	8	11	39	25	84	1.91
萨眼灰蝶 Polyommatus sarta	1	4	0	3	6	14	0.32
多眼灰蝶 Polyommatus erotides	0	0	18	2	9	29	0.66
红珠灰蝶 Lycaeides argyrognomon	0	0	1	0	0	1	0.02
黄衬云眼蝶 Hyponephele lupina	39	34	52	94	42	261	5.93
居间云眼蝶 Hyponephele interposita	6	12	12	34	23	87	1.98
珂云眼蝶 Hyponephele kirghisa	1	0	0	0	0	1	0.02
仁眼蝶 Eumenis autonoe	1	0	2	13	3	19	0.43
侧条槁眼蝶 Karanasa latifasciata	0	0	1	68	60	129	2.93
白室岩眼蝶 Chazara heydenreichii	0	1	2	3	36	42	0.95
星点弄蝶 Muschampia tessellum	0	5	1	0	3	9	0.20
阿波罗绢蝶 Paranssius apollo*	0	0	2	30	101	133	3.02
金凤蝶 Papilio machaon	0	0	0	0	1	1	0.02

种 Species	个体数 No. of individuals					总计 Total	相对多度Relative abundance (%)
种 Species	山前荒漠 Piedmont desert	农田 Farmland	山地草原 Mountain grassland	山地森林 Mountain forest	亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	总计 Total	相对多度Relative abundance (%)
斑缘豆粉蝶 Colias erate	74	121	136	56	30	417	9.48
豆粉蝶 Colias hyale	2	11	10	15	19	57	1.30
菜粉蝶 Pieris rapae	11	155	118	51	12	347	7.88
暗脉粉蝶 Pieris napi	0	67	38	71	13	189	4.29
黑纹粉蝶 Pieris melete	0	4	10	8	1	23	0.52
欧洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae	20	131	45	30	15	241	5.48
云粉蝶 Pieris brassicae	473	261	292	55	27	1,108	25.18
绿云粉蝶 Pontia chloridice	0	1	1	0	0	2	0.05
箭纹云粉蝶 Pontia callidice	0	0	0	30	7	37	0.84
斑网蛱蝶 Melitaea didymoides	5	0	0	2	41	48	1.09
狄网蛱蝶 Melitaea didyma	7	0	0	0	63	70	1.59
大网蛱蝶 Melitaea scotosia	0	0	0	0	2	2	0.05
荨麻蛱蝶 Aglais urticae	0	190	88	151	102	531	12.07
单环蛱蝶 Neptis rivularis	0	3	1	12	12	28	0.64
灿福蛱蝶 Fabriciana adippe	0	3	20	89	58	170	3.86
福蛱蝶 Fabriciana niobe	0	0	0	1	2	3	0.07
小红蛱蝶 Vanessa cardui	1	0	3	3	2	9	0.20
绿豹蛱蝶 Argynnis paphia	0	0	0	35	1	36	0.82
潘豹蛱蝶 Pandoriana pandora	0	0	0	1	0	1	0.02
朱蛱蝶 Nymphalis xanthomelas	0	1	2	0	16	19	0.43
珠蛱蝶 Issoria lathonia	0	0	0	3	1	4	0.09
玄灰蝶 Tongeia fischeri	0	0	0	0	3	3	0.07
阿点灰蝶 Agrodiaetus amandus	0	22	54	5	6	87	1.98
璃灰蝶 Celastrina argiola	0	34	28	2	4	68	1.55
克豆灰蝶 Plebejus christophi	69	7	11	4	0	91	2.07
埃灰蝶 Eumedonia eumedon	1	8	11	39	25	84	1.91
萨眼灰蝶 Polyommatus sarta	1	4	0	3	6	14	0.32
多眼灰蝶 Polyommatus erotides	0	0	18	2	9	29	0.66
红珠灰蝶 Lycaeides argyrognomon	0	0	1	0	0	1	0.02
黄衬云眼蝶 Hyponephele lupina	39	34	52	94	42	261	5.93
居间云眼蝶 Hyponephele interposita	6	12	12	34	23	87	1.98
珂云眼蝶 Hyponephele kirghisa	1	0	0	0	0	1	0.02
仁眼蝶 Eumenis autonoe	1	0	2	13	3	19	0.43
侧条槁眼蝶 Karanasa latifasciata	0	0	1	68	60	129	2.93
白室岩眼蝶 Chazara heydenreichii	0	1	2	3	36	42	0.95
星点弄蝶 Muschampia tessellum	0	5	1	0	3	9	0.20
阿波罗绢蝶 Paranssius apollo*	0	0	2	30	101	133	3.02
金凤蝶 Papilio machaon	0	0	0	0	1	1	0.02

科名 Famaly	属数 Genera	种数 Species	个体数 Individuals	多样性指数 Diversity index (H′)			物种丰富度 Species richness (R)	均匀度指数 Evenness index (J)	优势度指数Dominance index (D)
科名 Famaly	属数 Genera	种数 Species	个体数 Individuals	H′₍_G₎	H′ ₍_S₎	H′₍_GS₎	物种丰富度 Species richness (R)	均匀度指数 Evenness index (J)	优势度指数Dominance index (D)
粉蝶科Pieridae	3	9	2,421	1.04	1.57	2.61	1.03	0.71	0.28
蛱蝶科 Papilionidae	9	12	921	1.20	1.40	2.69	1.61	0.56	0.38
灰蝶科 Lycaenidae	7	8	377	1.63	1.70	3.33	1.18	0.82	0.20
眼蝶科 Satyridae	4	6	539	0.94	1.32	2.26	0.79	0.73	0.33
弄蝶科 Hesperiidae	1	1	9	0	0	0	0	0	1
绢蝶科 Parnassiidae	1	1	133	0	0	0	0	0	1
凤蝶科 Papilionidae	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1