Species diversity and vertical distribution characteristics of Metarhizium in Gaoligong Mountains, southwestern China

doi:10.17520/biods.2018131

Abstract

Abstract:

Gaoligong Mountains in Yunnan Province, China have diverse ecological systems and biological resources. To understand the diversity and the vertical distribution of Metarhizium species at different elevations in this area, Metarhizium resources were investigated in seven typical vegetation types (i.e., I, dry-hot valley; II, monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest; III, warm coniferous forest; IV, mod-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest; V, mountain moss dwarf forest; VI, cold shrubs of meadow; and VII, rocky beach sparsely vegetation) along an elevation gradient (600-3,800 m). Strains of Metarhizium were isolated from soils of the vegetations at different elevations and identified using multi-gene (nrSSU, nrLSU, EF-1α, RPB1, and RPB2) phylogenetic analysis. Our result indicated that the species of Metarhizium in Gaoligong Mountains were abundant and the obtained 161 strains represented 12 Metarhizium species, namely, M. rileyi, M. viridulum, M. lepidiotae, M. brunneum, M. pingshaense, M. anisopliae, M. robertsii, M. guizhouense, M. indigoticum, M. pemphigi, M. campsosterni, and Metacordyceps neogunnii, and most of them (8 species) belonged to M. anisopliae complex. Additionally, Nigelia martiale, a taxon close to Metarhizium was also found in this area. M. indigoticum is new to China. Fungi of Metarhizium in Gaoligong Mountains were widely distributed in six vegetation types at elevation between 600 m and 3,400 m, but not in type VII at the elevation of 3,600-3,800 m. The vegetations at the low and middle elevations (I-IV) harbored larger number of strains (≥ 23) and higher species diversity (4-9 species), whereas those at high elevations (V-VI) possessed fewer strains (2-8) and relatively limited species (1-2 species). Metarhizium resources were the most abundant in evergreen broad-leaved forests at the middle elevation. The monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (vegetation type II) possessed the largest number of Metarhizium strains (52 strains, 32.3% of the total) and species (9 species), while mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (vegetation type IV) (47 strains, 29.2% of the total) was the next. The superior species phenomenon of Metarhizium was remarkable in Gaoligong Mountains, M. brunneum being the most dominant, at 46.6% of the total strain numbers. It widely exists in six vegetation types (I-VI) with very different habitat conditions, suggesting that this species has the highest ecologic adaptability.

Key words: Gaoligong Mountains, Metarhizium, phylogenetic analysis, species diversity, vertical distribution

Zihong Chen, Xiaona Yang, Ningjing Sun, Ling Xu, Yuan Zheng, Yuming Yang. Species diversity and vertical distribution characteristics of Metarhizium in Gaoligong Mountains, southwestern China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2018, 26(12): 1308-1317.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2018131

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2018/V26/I12/1308

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Colonies of Metarhizium species and other fungal materials in Gaoligong Mountains. (A) Colony of M. brunneum; (B) Colony of M. lepidiotae; (C) Colony of M. indigoticum; (D) Colony of M. campsosterni; (E) Colony of M. robertsii; (F) Colony of M. guizhouense; (G) Colony of M. anisopliae; (H) Colony of M. pingshaense; (I) Colony of M. viridulum; (J) Colony of M. pemphigi; (K) Colony of M. rileyi; (L) Colony of Mc. neogunnii; (M) The induction and isolation of Metarhizium; (N) Stroma of M. viridulum; (O) Spores of M. rileyi on the infected Lepidoptera larva; (P) Spores of M. pemphigi on the infected beetle larva; (Q) Fruit body of N. martiale. Bar of A-O and Q = 1 cm; Bar of P = 0.5 cm.

Table 1 Strain numbers and habitat conditions of Metarhizium species in Gaoligong Mountains. I, Dry-hot valley; II, Monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest; III, Warm coniferous forest; IV, Mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forest; V, Mountain moss dwarf forest; VI, Cold shrubs of meadow; VII, Rocky beach sparsely vegetation.

物种 Species	菌株数 strain number	菌株百分比 %	植被类型 Vegetation type	海拔跨度 Altitude span (m)	温度 Temperature (℃)	湿度 Humidity (%)
Metarhizium brunneum	75	46.6	I-VI	600-3,400	13-34	32-80
M. pemphigi	25	15.5	I, II, IV	800-2,119	20-32	39-70
M. pingshaense	11	6.8	I, IV, V	1,925-3,135	15-34	58-74
M. guizhouense	13	8.1	II, IV	1,540-2,280	18-30	57-74
M. rileyi	10	6.2	II, IV	1,780-2,495	17-27	49-54
M. robertsii	5	3.1	I, IV	723-1,981	22-32	52-63
M. indigoticum	4	2.5	II, III	1,512-1,981	22-30	58-59
M. anisopliae	4	2.5	II, III	1,370-1,900	25-30	60-76
Metacordyceps neogunnii	7	4.4	II	1,438	25	65
M. campsosterni	5	3.1	IV	2,022	22	58
M. viridulum	1	0.6	II	1,540	30	57
M. lepidiotae	1	0.6	III	1,765	25	58
Nigelia martiale	-	-	II	1,568	30	60
合计 Total	161	100	6	600-3,400	13-34	32-80

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree of Metarhizium based on nucleotide sequences of five loci (nrSSU, nrLSU, EF-1α, RPB1and RPB2) dataset. Those from Gaoligong Mountains are marked in bold.

Fig. 3 Morphology of the new record species in China, Metarhizium indigoticum (strain BUM 1512.8). (A) Obverse of the colony on PPDA; (B) Reverse of the colony on PPDA; (C) Conidia chains; (D, E) Conidiogenous structures. Bar of C-E = 5 µm.

Fig. 4 Species and strain numbers of Metarhizium in different vegetation types of Gaoligong Mountains. L, Low elevation; M, Middle elevation; H, High elevation.

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