生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 24235. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024235 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024235
收稿日期:
2024-06-12
接受日期:
2024-08-22
出版日期:
2025-01-20
发布日期:
2024-09-12
通讯作者:
* E-mail: 基金资助:
Lei Liu1, Zhiming Hao3, Leshan Du2, Haiou Liu2,*()
Received:
2024-06-12
Accepted:
2024-08-22
Online:
2025-01-20
Published:
2024-09-12
Contact:
* E-mail: Supported by:
摘要:
女性在生物多样性治理中具有至关重要的作用。她们在家庭和社区中积累的丰富的传统知识和实践, 为生物多样性保护和可持续利用提供了重要支持。然而, 由于她们在决策权和资源获取方面经常处于劣势, 可能导致她们的需求和贡献被忽视, 进而影响生物多样性治理的有效性和可持续性。近年来, 国际社会对生物多样性治理中推进性别主流化的要求不断增加。《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》(以下简称“昆蒙框架”)行动目标23提出“确保性别平等, 确保妇女和女童有平等的机会和能力采用促进性别平等的方法为《生物多样性公约》(以下简称《公约》)的三个目标作贡献”。《公约》第15次缔约方大会(COP15)第二阶段会议还通过了《性别平等行动计划》, 敦促缔约方支持和推进性别平等主流化, 以性别平等的方式执行“昆蒙框架”, 全球生物多样性治理中对性别问题的关注提升到了前所未有的新高度。中国是世界人口大国, 是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。中国在参与全球生物多样性治理、履行《公约》进程中推进性别主流化, 对实现全球可持续发展具有重要意义。本文分析了《公约》框架下性别议题进展和近年来各国国家生物多样性战略和行动计划(NBSAP)中的性别考虑, 结合我国首次将性别考虑纳入NBSAP的最新进展, 提出加强生物多样性性别主流化研究, 推动生物多样性政策制定的性别主流化, 促进国际合作项目管理的性别主流化等建议, 以期为我国履行《公约》和参与全球生物多样性治理提供参考。
刘蕾, 郝志明, 杜乐山, 刘海鸥 (2025) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》视角下将性别考虑纳入中国生物多样性治理. 生物多样性, 33, 24235. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024235.
Lei Liu, Zhiming Hao, Leshan Du, Haiou Liu (2025) Mainstreaming gender in China’s biodiversity actions under Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24235. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024235.
图1 历次《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会(COP)决定总数及纳入性别考虑的决定数占比
Fig. 1 Total number decisions of Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and proportion of decisions incorporating gender considerations
会议 Meetings | 缔约方大会决定 COP decisions | 内容 Contents |
---|---|---|
COP3 | Decision III/11 Decision III/14 | 保护和可持续利用农业生物多样性(Decision III/11)和《公约》8(j)条执行情况(Decision III/14)两项决定纳入性别考虑 Gender considerations were integrated into the decisions on the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity (Decision III/11) and the implementation of Article 8(j) of the Convention (Decision III/14) |
COP8 | Decision VIII/31 | 《公约》行政工作和预算相关决定要求根据《联合国宪章》规定在填补各层级职位空缺时关注性别平等, 原住民妇女能力建设首次纳入双年度预算 Administrative and budgetary decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity emphasized gender equality in recruitment processes at all levels, in line with the Charter of the United Nations, and for the first time included capacity-building for indigenous women in the biennial budget |
COP9 | Decision IX/24 | 通过《性别平等行动计划》, 性别首次成为缔约方大会的单独议题 The Gender Plan of Action was adopted, making gender a distinct agenda item at the Conference of the Parties for the first time |
COP10 | Decision X/2 | 提出确保促进女性为全面执行《公约》和《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》的各项目标做出全面和有效的贡献, 并请缔约方在执行战略计划及其战略目标、爱知目标和指标时酌情将性别纳入主流。爱知目标14提出“到2020年, 提供重要服务的生态系统, 包括与水资源有关的服务、对健康与生计以及福祉有益的服务等, 得到恢复与保护, 同时考虑女性、原住民和当地社区以及贫困人口和脆弱人口的需求” Called for the full and effective contribution of women to the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Encouraged Parties to mainstream gender in the execution of the Strategic Plan, Aichi Targets, and indicators. Aichi Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable |
COP12 | Decision XII/7 | 将COP9通过的《性别平等行动计划》更新为《2015‒2020年性别问题行动计划》, 与《2011‒2020年生物多样性战略计划》及“爱知目标”保持一致 The Gender Plan of Action was updated to cover the period 2015-2020, aligning it with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Targets |
COP14 | Decision 14/18 | 强调在制定“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”时应依据联合国可持续发展目标中的性别平等目标处理性别因素 Highlighted the need to incorporate gender considerations in the development of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, in line with the gender equality goal of the UN Sustainable Development Goals |
COP15 | Decision 15/4 Decision 15/11 | 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》行动目标22提出“确保土著人民和地方社区以及妇女和女童、儿童和青年、残疾人在决策中有充分、公平、包容、有效和促进性别平等的代表权和参与权, 有机会诉诸司法和获得生物多样性相关信息, 尊重他们的文化及其对土地、领地、资源和传统知识的权利”。行动目标23首次将性别作为一项独立的行动目标纳入全球生物多样性框架, 提出“确保性别平等, 确保妇女和女童有平等的机会和能力采用促进性别平等的方法为《公约》的3个目标作贡献, 包括承认妇女和女童的平等权利和机会获得土地和自然资源, 以及在生物多样性有关的行动、接触、政策和决策的所有层面充分、公平、有意义和知情地参与和发挥领导作用” Target 22 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework emphasizes the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities. Target 23 introduces gender as a standalone target within the global biodiversity framework for the first time, proposing that “ensure gender equality in the implementation of the Framework through a gender-responsive approach, where all women and girls have equal opportunity and capacity to contribute to the three objectives of the Convention, including by recognizing their equal rights and access to land and natural resources and their full, equitable, meaningful and informed participation and leadership at all levels of action, engagement, policy and decision-making related to biodiversity.” 《性别平等行动计划(2023‒2030年)》敦促缔约方并邀请其他国家政府、次国家政府、城市和其他地方政府以及相关组织执行性别平等行动计划, 支持和推进性别平等主流化, 以性别平等的方式执行“昆蒙框架” Gender Equality Action Plan (2023‒2030) urged Parties, and invites other governments, subnational governments, cities and other local authorities, and relevant organizations to implement the Gender Plan of Action to support and advance gender mainstreaming and gender responsive implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework |
表1 《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会(COP)性别相关的重要决定
Table 1 The Conference of the Parties (COP) decisions incorporating gender considerations
会议 Meetings | 缔约方大会决定 COP decisions | 内容 Contents |
---|---|---|
COP3 | Decision III/11 Decision III/14 | 保护和可持续利用农业生物多样性(Decision III/11)和《公约》8(j)条执行情况(Decision III/14)两项决定纳入性别考虑 Gender considerations were integrated into the decisions on the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity (Decision III/11) and the implementation of Article 8(j) of the Convention (Decision III/14) |
COP8 | Decision VIII/31 | 《公约》行政工作和预算相关决定要求根据《联合国宪章》规定在填补各层级职位空缺时关注性别平等, 原住民妇女能力建设首次纳入双年度预算 Administrative and budgetary decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity emphasized gender equality in recruitment processes at all levels, in line with the Charter of the United Nations, and for the first time included capacity-building for indigenous women in the biennial budget |
COP9 | Decision IX/24 | 通过《性别平等行动计划》, 性别首次成为缔约方大会的单独议题 The Gender Plan of Action was adopted, making gender a distinct agenda item at the Conference of the Parties for the first time |
COP10 | Decision X/2 | 提出确保促进女性为全面执行《公约》和《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》的各项目标做出全面和有效的贡献, 并请缔约方在执行战略计划及其战略目标、爱知目标和指标时酌情将性别纳入主流。爱知目标14提出“到2020年, 提供重要服务的生态系统, 包括与水资源有关的服务、对健康与生计以及福祉有益的服务等, 得到恢复与保护, 同时考虑女性、原住民和当地社区以及贫困人口和脆弱人口的需求” Called for the full and effective contribution of women to the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Encouraged Parties to mainstream gender in the execution of the Strategic Plan, Aichi Targets, and indicators. Aichi Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable |
COP12 | Decision XII/7 | 将COP9通过的《性别平等行动计划》更新为《2015‒2020年性别问题行动计划》, 与《2011‒2020年生物多样性战略计划》及“爱知目标”保持一致 The Gender Plan of Action was updated to cover the period 2015-2020, aligning it with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Targets |
COP14 | Decision 14/18 | 强调在制定“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”时应依据联合国可持续发展目标中的性别平等目标处理性别因素 Highlighted the need to incorporate gender considerations in the development of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, in line with the gender equality goal of the UN Sustainable Development Goals |
COP15 | Decision 15/4 Decision 15/11 | 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》行动目标22提出“确保土著人民和地方社区以及妇女和女童、儿童和青年、残疾人在决策中有充分、公平、包容、有效和促进性别平等的代表权和参与权, 有机会诉诸司法和获得生物多样性相关信息, 尊重他们的文化及其对土地、领地、资源和传统知识的权利”。行动目标23首次将性别作为一项独立的行动目标纳入全球生物多样性框架, 提出“确保性别平等, 确保妇女和女童有平等的机会和能力采用促进性别平等的方法为《公约》的3个目标作贡献, 包括承认妇女和女童的平等权利和机会获得土地和自然资源, 以及在生物多样性有关的行动、接触、政策和决策的所有层面充分、公平、有意义和知情地参与和发挥领导作用” Target 22 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework emphasizes the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities. Target 23 introduces gender as a standalone target within the global biodiversity framework for the first time, proposing that “ensure gender equality in the implementation of the Framework through a gender-responsive approach, where all women and girls have equal opportunity and capacity to contribute to the three objectives of the Convention, including by recognizing their equal rights and access to land and natural resources and their full, equitable, meaningful and informed participation and leadership at all levels of action, engagement, policy and decision-making related to biodiversity.” 《性别平等行动计划(2023‒2030年)》敦促缔约方并邀请其他国家政府、次国家政府、城市和其他地方政府以及相关组织执行性别平等行动计划, 支持和推进性别平等主流化, 以性别平等的方式执行“昆蒙框架” Gender Equality Action Plan (2023‒2030) urged Parties, and invites other governments, subnational governments, cities and other local authorities, and relevant organizations to implement the Gender Plan of Action to support and advance gender mainstreaming and gender responsive implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework |
图2 国家生物多样性战略和行动计划中包含“性别”和/或“女性”关键词的情况(2017-2023)
Fig. 2 Inclusion of “gender” and/or “women” keywords in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan (NBSAP) between 2017 and 2023
文件名称 Document title | 发布时间 Release time | 内容 Contents |
---|---|---|
《浙江省生物多样性保护战略与 行动计划》(2023-2035年) Zhejiang Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2035) | 2023.3 | 倡导生物多样性保护全民行动: 保障企业、地方社区、妇女、青年等利益相关方在生物多样性相关决策中有充分、公平、有效的代表权和参与权, 充分尊重并承认当地居民的风俗文化和对传统知识的权利(优先行动30) Promotes public participation in biodiversity conservation: Ensuring that stakeholders such as businesses, local communities, women, and youth have full, fair, and effective representation and participation in biodiversity-related decision- making. It also respects and acknowledges local residents’ customs and their rights to traditional knowledge (Priority Action 30) |
《海南省生物多样性保护战略与 行动计划》(2023-2030年) Hainan Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030) | 2023.10 | 形成全民保护生物多样性新格局: 强化公众参与生物多样性保护的司法保障, 确保地方社区、妇女、青年以及少数民族在生物多样性决策中有充分、公平、包容、有效和促进公平平等的代表权和参与权(战略任务6) Encourages the formation of a new societal framework for biodiversity conservation: Strengthening judicial protection for public participation, ensuring that local communities, women, youth, and ethnic minorities have full, fair, inclusive, and effective representation and participation in biodiversity-related decision-making (Strategic Task 6) 推动全社会共同参与: 保障地方社区、妇女、青年、少数民族在生物多样性决策中有充分、公平、有效的代表权和参与权, 充分尊重并承认他们的文化及其对传统知识的权利(优先行动27) Promotes societal participation: Ensuring that local communities, women, youth, and ethnic minorities have full, fair, and effective representation and participation, while respecting their cultures and rights to traditional knowledge (Priority Action 27) |
《云南省生物多样性保护战略与 行动计划》(2024-2030年) Yunnan Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2024-2030) | 2024.5 | 推进生物多样性保护全民参与: 充分发挥各级工会、共青团、妇联等群团组织作用, 积极动员广大职工、青年、妇女参与生物多样性保护(优先行动6) Encourages public participation in biodiversity conservation: Fully leveraging the roles of organizations such as trade unions, youth leagues, and women’s federations to actively mobilize workers, youth, and women in biodiversity conservation (Priority Action 6) |
表2 省级生物多样性保护战略与行动计划中的性别考虑
Table 2 Gender considerations in Provincial Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
文件名称 Document title | 发布时间 Release time | 内容 Contents |
---|---|---|
《浙江省生物多样性保护战略与 行动计划》(2023-2035年) Zhejiang Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2035) | 2023.3 | 倡导生物多样性保护全民行动: 保障企业、地方社区、妇女、青年等利益相关方在生物多样性相关决策中有充分、公平、有效的代表权和参与权, 充分尊重并承认当地居民的风俗文化和对传统知识的权利(优先行动30) Promotes public participation in biodiversity conservation: Ensuring that stakeholders such as businesses, local communities, women, and youth have full, fair, and effective representation and participation in biodiversity-related decision- making. It also respects and acknowledges local residents’ customs and their rights to traditional knowledge (Priority Action 30) |
《海南省生物多样性保护战略与 行动计划》(2023-2030年) Hainan Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030) | 2023.10 | 形成全民保护生物多样性新格局: 强化公众参与生物多样性保护的司法保障, 确保地方社区、妇女、青年以及少数民族在生物多样性决策中有充分、公平、包容、有效和促进公平平等的代表权和参与权(战略任务6) Encourages the formation of a new societal framework for biodiversity conservation: Strengthening judicial protection for public participation, ensuring that local communities, women, youth, and ethnic minorities have full, fair, inclusive, and effective representation and participation in biodiversity-related decision-making (Strategic Task 6) 推动全社会共同参与: 保障地方社区、妇女、青年、少数民族在生物多样性决策中有充分、公平、有效的代表权和参与权, 充分尊重并承认他们的文化及其对传统知识的权利(优先行动27) Promotes societal participation: Ensuring that local communities, women, youth, and ethnic minorities have full, fair, and effective representation and participation, while respecting their cultures and rights to traditional knowledge (Priority Action 27) |
《云南省生物多样性保护战略与 行动计划》(2024-2030年) Yunnan Provincial Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2024-2030) | 2024.5 | 推进生物多样性保护全民参与: 充分发挥各级工会、共青团、妇联等群团组织作用, 积极动员广大职工、青年、妇女参与生物多样性保护(优先行动6) Encourages public participation in biodiversity conservation: Fully leveraging the roles of organizations such as trade unions, youth leagues, and women’s federations to actively mobilize workers, youth, and women in biodiversity conservation (Priority Action 6) |
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