高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌物种多样性及影响因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2024228

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 24228. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024228 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024228

• 研究报告: 微生物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌物种多样性及影响因素

陈自宏¹^,²(), 张翼飞¹^,²(), 陈凯¹^,²(), 陈见影³, 徐玲¹^,²^,^*()()

1.保山学院高黎贡山研究院, 云南保山 678000
2.保山市高黎贡山生物多样性保护与利用重点实验室, 云南保山 678000
3.保山学院经济管理学院, 云南保山 678000

收稿日期:2024-06-11 接受日期:2024-09-09 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2024-12-20
通讯作者: * E-mail: xuling09083@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32060638);国家自然科学基金(32160078);云南省中青年学术和技术带头人后备人才项目(202205AC160061);云南省教育厅高黎贡山虫生真菌资源保护与绿色发展重点实验室建设项目;怒江下游山地农业生态系统云南省野外科学观测研究站项目

Species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi and the influencing factors in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains

Zihong Chen¹^,²(), Yifei Zhang¹^,²(), Kai Chen¹^,²(), Jianying Chen³, Ling Xu¹^,²^,^*()()

1 Institute of Biological Resources of Gaoligong Mountains, Baoshan University, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China
2 Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Gaoligong Mountains, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China
3 School of Economics and Management, Baoshan University, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China

Received:2024-06-11 Accepted:2024-09-09 Online:2025-01-20 Published:2024-12-20
Contact: * E-mail: xuling09083@163.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060638);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160078);Middle-Young Aged Academic and Technical Leader Reserve Talents Projects of Yunnan, China(202205AC160061);Construction Projects about the Key Laboratory of Entomogenous Fungi Resources Conservation and Green Development in the Gaoligong Mountains;Yunnan Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Mountainous Agricultural Ecosystem in the Lower Nu River

1. 附录.pdf(490KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高黎贡山南段立体气候明显、生境复杂多样, 生物多样性较高, 但目前对其昆虫病原真菌资源的关注较少。为了解高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌的物种多样性及分布格局, 本研究在该区域不同海拔生境中进行了昆虫病原真菌资源的调查。于2019-2021年在该区域沿海拔(700-3,100 m)梯度每上升100 m设置样地, 采集土样和受感染昆虫标本, 分离昆虫病原真菌菌株和鉴定物种; 将样区分为5个海拔段(I-V), 用α多样性分析昆虫病原真菌的物种多样性和分布特征, 用β多样性分析其群落结构, 通过Pearson相关性和冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)分析生境生态因子对其物种多样性的影响。结果表明, 从高黎贡山南段共获得昆虫病原真菌菌株2,175株, 隶属于5科20属78种, 其中从土壤样品中获得24种1,331株昆虫病原真菌, 从昆虫样品中获得66种844株昆虫病原真菌。中海拔段III (中山湿性常绿阔叶林)中昆虫病原真菌物种丰富度(49种)和菌株数(766株)最高; 中海拔段II (亚热带雨林)和Ⅲ的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(分别为2.686和2.677)和Simpson多样性指数(分别为0.884和0.876)最高; 高海拔段V的Simpson优势度指数(0.615)最高; 低海拔段I (干热河谷)的Pielou均匀度指数(0.790)最高。海拔对两种来源(土壤和昆虫)的昆虫病原真菌物种多样性均有显著影响; 来自土壤的昆虫病原真菌受土壤温度的影响较大, 而来自昆虫的昆虫病原真菌受空气湿度的影响较大; 土壤pH值对该区域昆虫病原真菌多样性的影响较小。研究结果表明, 高黎贡山南段的昆虫病原真菌资源丰富, 广泛分布于各海拔段。

关键词: 高黎贡山, 昆虫病原真菌, 海拔段, 物种多样性, 生态因素

Abstract

Aims: The Southern Gaoligong Mountains is characterized by a distinct stereoscopic climate, complex and diverse habitats, and high biodiversity. However, relatively less attention has been paid to the entomopathogenic fungal resources. This paper aimed to investigate the entomopathogenic fungi resources in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains at different altitudes to explore the species diversity and distribution pattern of entomopathogenic fungi.

Methods: In order to isolate the strains of entomopathogenic fungi and identify their species, sample plots were set up every 100 m along the altitude gradient (700-3,100 m), and soil samples as well as infected insect specimens were collected from 2019 to 2021. The experimental region was divided into 5 altitude sections (I-V). Once data was collected, we analyzed the the species diversity and distribution characteristic of entomopathogenic fungi using α-diversity and its community structure using β-diversity. Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis were deployed to analyze the effects of ecological factors on the species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi.

Results: A total of 2,175 strains of entomopathogenic fungi were obtained from the Southern Gaoligong Mountains, belonging to 78 species in 20 genera of 5 families. Within this sample we obtained, 24 species and 1,331 strains of entomopathogenic fungi from soil samples, and 66 species and 844 strains of entomopathogenic fungi from insect samples. The species richness of entomopathogenic fungi (49 species) and strain number (766 strains) were the highest in the middle altitude section III (the wet evergreen broad-leaved forests in middle-mountain). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (2.686 and 2.677, respectively) and Simpson diversity index (0.884 and 0.876, respectively) were similarly highest in the middle altitude section II (subtropical rainforest) and section III. The Simpson dominance index ranked highest in (0.615) the section V (high-altitude), and the Pielou evenness index (0.790) ranked highest in section I (low-altitude dry and hot valley). The habitat altitude had significant impacts on the species diversity in both soil-derived and insect-derived entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, the effect of soil temperature was greater on soil-derived entomopathogenic fungi, whereas air humidity had more impact on insect-derived fungi. Interestingly, soil pH had a relatively small impact on the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in this region.

Conclusions: It is also clear that entomopathogenic fungi resources are abundant in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains and are widely distributed across various altitude sections.

Key words: Gaoligong Mountains, entomopathogenic fungi, altitude section, species diversity, ecological factor

陈自宏, 张翼飞, 陈凯, 陈见影, 徐玲 (2025) 高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌物种多样性及影响因素. 生物多样性, 33, 24228. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024228.

Zihong Chen, Yifei Zhang, Kai Chen, Jianying Chen, Ling Xu (2025) Species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi and the influencing factors in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24228. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024228.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024228

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I1/24228

图/表 13

表1 高黎贡山南段不同海拔段的生态因子(2019-2021年6-9月)

Table 1 Ecological factors at different altitude sections along the Southern Gaoligong Mountains (June-September 2019-2021)

海拔段 Altitude sections	植被类型 Vegetation type	采样地 Sampling location	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤湿度 Soil humidity (%)	空气温度 Air temperature (℃)	空气湿度 Air humidity (%)	pH值 pH value
I (700-1,100 m)	干热河谷 Dry-hot vally	潞江坝 Lujiang Dam	23.3-27.3	14.5-25.9	26.5-31.1	59.1-67.4	6.2-6.6
II (1,200-1,600 m)	亚热带雨林 Subtropical rain forest	澡塘河、鱼洞河、旱龙寨 Zaotang River, Yudong River, and Hanlong village	16.8-23.7	41.5-60.7	17.9-29.6	63.0-71.3	6.3-6.9
III (1,700-2,100 m)	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 Middle mountain wet evergreen broad-leaved forest	旧街子、二台坡、林家铺 Jiujiezi, Ertaipo, and Linjiapu	16.1-20.2	55.6-62.6	17.4-26.3	67.5-74.8	6.0-6.4
IV (2,200-2,600 m)	针阔混交林 Mixed broadleaf-conifer forest	赧亢、黄竹河 Nankang and Huangzhu River	14.2-15.1	47.9-59.9	15.7-16.7	65.0-72.1	6.5-6.7
V (2,700-3,100 m)	针叶林 Coniferous forest	南斋公房 South Zhaigongfang	11.0-13.2	56.9-71.8	13.7-15.7	70.1-76.0	6.2-6.7

图1 高黎贡山南段部分虫草标本的形态。A: 蛹虫草; B: 白斑橙头虫草; C: 蝉花; D: 环链虫草; E. 玫烟色虫草; F: 细脚虫草; G: 蜂头线虫草; H: 沫蝉虫草; I: 拟下垂线虫草; J: 紫色野村菌; K: 淡紫紫孢菌; L: 汤普森线虫草; M: 金龟子绿僵菌; N: 贵州绿僵菌; O: 瘿绵蚜绿僵菌; P: 莱氏绿僵菌; Q: 棕色绿僵菌; R: 毒蛾绿僵菌。标尺 = 1 cm。

Fig. 1 Morphology of some Cordyceps specimens from Southern Gaoligong Mountains. A, Cordyceps militaris; B, C. albocitrina; C, C. cicadae; D, C. cateniannulata; E, C. fumosorosea; F, C. tenuipes; G, Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala; H, O. tricentric; I, O. neonutans; J, Nomuraea atypicola; K, Purpureocillium lilacinus; L, O. thompsonii; M, Metarhizium anisopliae; N, M. guizhouense; O, M. pemphigi; P, M. rileyi; Q, M. brunneum; R, M. lymantriidae. Bars = 1 cm.

图2 高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌多基因(nrSSU, nrLSU, EF-1α, RPB1和RPB2)最大似然法(ML)系统发育树。来自高黎贡山南段的材料被标为红色加粗字体。外圈相同颜色的区域为同一科的物种。科和属的中文名见附录1。物种后的序号为该菌株 GenBank登录号。分支节点上的数字表示支持度。标尺表示遗传距离。“*”表示该物种的模式菌株。

Fig. 2 Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of entomopathogenic fungi in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains based on multigene (nrSSU, nrLSU, EF-1α, RPB1 and RPB2) dataset. Those from the Southern Gaoligong Mountains are marked in red and bold. The regions of the same color in the outer circle represent species belonging to the same family. The Chinese names of the families and the genera are shown in Appendix 1. The serial numbers after the species name are the GenBank accession numbers of the strains. The number above each branch node represents the support value. The scale bar indicates the genetic distance. Asterisk indicated the type strains in the species.

图3 高黎贡山南段不同海拔段昆虫病原真菌群落的稀疏曲线。实线部分是利用个体数和物种数实测值的内插值, 虚线部分是利用个体数和物种数实测值外延的预测值。I-V为不同海拔段。

Fig. 3 The rarefraction curves of entomopathogenic fungi at different altitude sections along the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. The solid line represents the internal interpolation of measured values using the number of individuals and species; the dashed line represents the predicted value using the epitaxy of measured values of the number of individuals and species. I‒V are different altitude sections.

表2 高黎贡山南段不同海拔区域昆虫病原真菌的垂直分布

Table 2 Vertical distribution of entomopathogenic fungi at different altitude sections along the Southern Gaoligong Mountains

海拔段 Altitude sections	菌株数 Strain number	物种丰富度 Species richness	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index
I (700-1,100 m)	218	12	1.962	0.799	0.201	0.790
II (1,200-1,600 m)	491	38	2.686	0.884	0.116	0.738
Ⅲ (1,700-2,100 m)	766	49	2.677	0.876	0.124	0.688
IV (2,200-2,600 m)	447	20	1.960	0.782	0.218	0.654
V (2,700-3,100 m)	253	6	0.807	0.385	0.615	0.450

图4 不同海拔段来自土壤和昆虫的昆虫病原真菌菌株(A)和物种数(B)变化。I-V为不同海拔段。I: 700-1,100 m; II: 1,200-1,600 m; III: 1,700-2,100 m; IV: 2,200-2,600 m; V: 2,700-3,100 m。

Fig. 4 Variation in the number of strains (A) and species (B) of soil- and insect-derived entomopathogenic fungi from different altitude sections. I-V are different altitude sections. I, 700-1,100 m; II, 1,200-1,600 m; III, 1,700-2,100 m; IV, 2,200-2,600 m; V, 2,700-3,100 m.

图5 高黎贡山南段不同海拔段昆虫病原真菌群落聚类图。A: 来自土壤; B: 来自昆虫。标尺表示样本间的距离或差异程度,数值越接近0, 说明对应海拔段的样本在物种组成上相似度越高。

Fig. 5 Community cluster map of entomopathogenic fungi at different altitude sections in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. A, From soil; B, From insect. The scale represents the distance or degree of difference between samples. The closer the value is to 0, the higher the similarity in species composition of the samples corresponding to the altitude sections.

表3 高黎贡山南段不同海拔段昆虫病原真菌群落的相似性分析。I-V为不同海拔段, I: 700-1,100 m; II: 1,200-1,600 m; III: 1,700-2,100 m; IV: 2,200-2,600 m; V: 2,700-3,100 m。

Table 3 Community similarity analysis of entomopathogenic fungi at different altitude sections in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. I-V are different altitude sections. I, 700-1,100 m; II, 1,200-1,600 m; III, 1,700-2,100 m; IV, 2,200-2,600 m; V, 2,700-3,100 m.

	海拔段 Altitude sections	相似性系数 Similarity coefficient
	海拔段 Altitude sections	I	II	III	IV
来自土壤 Soil-derived	II	0.564
	III	0.385	0.505
	IV	0.398	0.553	0.527
	V	0.221	0.214	0.255	0.452
来自昆虫 Insect-derived	II	0.054
	III	0.037	0.295
	IV	0.078	0.092	0.082
	V	0.020	0.008	0.016	0.065

图6 高黎贡山南段不同海拔昆虫病原真菌物种相对丰度。A: 来自土壤; B: 来自昆虫。I-V为不同海拔段。I: 700-1,100 m; II: 1,200-1,600 m; III: 1,700-2,100 m; IV: 2,200-2,600 m; V: 2,700-3,100 m。各物种中文名见附录1。

Fig. 6 Relative abundance of entomopathogenic fungi species at different altitudes in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. A, From soil; B, From insect. I-V are different altitude sections. I, 700-1,100 m; II, 1,200-1,600 m; III, 1,700-2,100 m; IV, 2,200-2,600 m; V, 2,700-3,100 m. The Chinese names of each species are shown in Appendix 1.

表4 高黎贡山南段优势种分布特征。“-”表示该海拔段没有发现此物种。I-V为不同海拔段, I: 700-1,100 m; II: 1,200-1,600 m; III: 1,700-2,100 m; IV: 2,200-2,600 m; V: 2,700-3,100 m。

Table 4 Distribution characteristics of dominant species in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. “-” means the species has not been found at the altitude sections. I-V are different altitude sections. I, 700-1,100 m; II, 1,200-1,600 m; III, 1,700-2,100 m; IV, 2,200-2,600 m; V, 2,700-3,100 m.

菌株来源 Strain source	优势种 Dominant species	菌株数 Strain number	菌株数百分比 Percentage (%)	各海拔段菌株数占比 Percentage of strain number in each altitude section (%)
菌株来源 Strain source	优势种 Dominant species	菌株数 Strain number	菌株数百分比 Percentage (%)	I	II	III	IV	V
土壤 Soil	球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana	588	44.18	40.80	28.93	32.73	42.48	79.27
	棕色绿僵菌 Metarhizium brunneum	410	30.80	34.48	41.74	42.12	30.97	2.03
	平沙绿僵菌 M. pingshaense	94	7.06	-	4.55	1.21	13.57	13.41
昆虫 Insects	球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana	153	18.13	-	16.06	20.64	21.30	-
	蝉花 Cordyceps cicadae	103	12.20	-	16.87	13.99	-	-
	垂头线虫草 Ophiocordyceps nutans	74	8.77	-	17.27	7.11	-	-

图7 高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌物种多样性与生态因子的冗余分析(RDA)排序。A: 来自土壤; B: 来自昆虫。蓝色实心箭头为昆虫病原真菌多样性指标, 红色空心箭头为环境影响因子。

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ranking on species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi and ecological factors in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. A, From soil; B, From insect. The blue solid arrow represents the diversity index of entomopathogenic fungi, and the red hollow arrow represents the environment influencing factors.

表5 高黎贡山南段环境因子对昆虫病原真菌物种多样性指数的解释率和显著性检验

Table 5 Interpretation rate and significance test of environmental factors on the species diversity indices of entomopathogenic fungi in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains

	生态因子 Ecological factor	解释度 Explanation degree (%)	F检验 F test	P
来自土壤的昆虫病原真菌 Soil-derived entomopathogenic fungi	海拔 Altitude	14.8	4.0	0.020
	土壤温度 Soil temperature	14.0	3.7	0.024
	空气温度 Air temperature	12.3	3.2	0.060
	空气湿度 Air humidity	6.7	1.7	0.194
	土壤湿度 Soil humidity	5.6	1.4	0.266
	pH值 pH value	1.4	0.3	0.744
来自昆虫的昆虫病原真菌 Insect-derived entomopathogenic fungi	海拔 Altitude	23.8	8.8	0.002
	空气湿度 Air humidity	16.4	4.5	0.038
	pH值 pH value	3.3	1.2	0.276
	空气温度 Air temperature	3.0	1.1	0.324
	土壤湿度 Soil humidity	2.1	0.8	0.356
	土壤温度 Soil temperature	0.3	0.1	0.770

图8 高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌物种多样性与生态因子的Pearson相关性。A: 来自土壤; B: 来自昆虫。各图右侧刻度条中数值为Pearson相关系数; 红色圆圈为正相关, 蓝色圆圈为负相关, 颜色越深相关性越强。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 8 Pearson correlation between species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi and ecological factors in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains. A, From soil; B, From insect. The values in the scale bar represents the correlation coefficients. The red color represents Positive correlation; The blue color represents Negative correlation. The darker the color is, the stronger the correlation is. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.

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高黎贡山南段昆虫病原真菌物种多样性及影响因素

Species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi and the influencing factors in the Southern Gaoligong Mountains

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