印度《生物多样性法》修订述要及对我国完善生物多样性保护法制的启示

doi:10.17520/biods.2023412

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国在完善生物多样性保护法制建设过程中应重视研究域外治理经验, 吸收适合国情的内容, 避免重复他国的弯路。本文采用历史分析和比较研究方法, 总结了印度立法、修法的经验教训, 为中国的生物多样性法律完善提出建议。印度2023年8月以促进生物资源商业利用为目的对其《生物多样性法》进行了第一次修订, 简化了传统医疗行业使用生物资源的申请程序, 优化了涉生物资源的专利申请程序, 并对违法行为做了“去罪化”处理。中国应从印度的立法、修订的经验中注意建立系统协同的生物多样性保护机制, 兼顾保护、可持续利用与惠益分享的关系, 同时对破坏生物多样性行为的刑事制裁规则予以优化。

关键词: 印度, 生物多样性, 法制, 修订

Abstract

Background & Aims: In the process of improving the legal framework for biodiversity conservation, China should emphasize the study of the governance experiences of other countries, absorb contents suitable to China’s conditions, and avoid repeating the mistakes of others.

Methods: This study utilized a historical and comparative analysis framework to extract insights and lessons from India’s legislative and legal amendment procedures. Furthermore, it provides recommendations for improving China’s biodiversity legislation.

Results: In August 2023, India introduced its first amendment to the Biological Diversity Act with the aim of promoting the commercial use of biological resources. This was achieved by streamlining the application procedures within the traditional medical industry, enhancing the patent application process related to biological resources, and decriminalizing infringements of this legal framework. These experiences would be applied in the development of legal system of biodiversity conservation in China.

Conclusion: Drawing on India’s legislative experience, China should implement systemic, coordinated mechanisms for biodiversity conservation that balance protection, sustainability, and benefit sharing. Furthermore, China should endeavor to refine the regulatory framework pertaining to criminal sanctions associated with actions that lead to the destruction of biodiversity.

Key words: India, biodiversity, governance by law, amendments

马碧玉 (2024) 印度《生物多样性法》修订述要及对我国完善生物多样性保护法制的启示. 生物多样性, 32, 23412. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023412.

Biyu Ma (2024) Summary of amendments to India’s Biological Diversity Act and enlightenments for improving China’s legal system of biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23412. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023412.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023412

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I5/23412

参考文献 21

[1]	Arora T (2022) Legal framework for conservation of biodiversity in India. In: Biodiversity in India: Status, Issues and Challenges (eds Shalinder KS, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli R), pp. 589-610. Springer, Singapore.
[2]	Chakrabarti G (2019) Biological diversity act: A concern for conservation of genetic resource and associated traditional knowledge in India. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 24(3-4), 53-61.
[3]	Das S (2012) Biodiversity in India—A Critical Analysis within the Perview of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. PhD thesis, Department of Law of the University of Burdwan, Burdwan.
[4]	Dash P, Chakraborty A (2019) A critical comment on access and benefit sharing in India under Biological Diversity Act, 2002: In the light of Nagoya Protocol on Access & Benefit Sharing. Indian Journal of Law and Justice, 10, 79-90.
[5]	Hou YF (2022) The realization of criminal legislative criticism function by protecting environmental rights from the perspective of reshaping legal interest. Journal of Political Science and Law, (3), 141-150. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[侯艳芳 (2022) 环境权利之刑事立法批判功能的实现. 政法论丛, (3), 141-150.]
[6]	Jiang T (2020) Criminal regulation on biosafety risk. Criminal Science, (4), 52-74. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[姜涛 (2020) 生物安全风险的刑法规制. 中国刑事法杂志, (4), 52-74.]
[7]	Li YD, Zou YY (2020) The development of South African legal system on access to and benefit-sharing of biological genetic resource and its enlightenment. Journal of Jiangsu University (Social Science Edition), 22(2), 65-75. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[李一丁, 邹玥屿 (2020) 南非生物遗传资源获取和惠益分享法律体系发展动态及其启示. 江苏大学学报(社会科学版), 22(2), 65-75.]
[8]	Lin YM, Cheng G (2014) Analysis on the acquisition and benefit sharing system of biological genetic resources and related traditional knowledge in India. Guizhou Social Sciences, (10), 87-91. (in Chinese)
	[林燕梅, 成功 (2014) 印度生物遗传资源及相关传统知识获取与惠益分享制度分析. 贵州社会科学, (10), 87-91.]
[9]	Liu TT (2021) Systematic holism: The legal logic of biodiversity conservation in China. Theory Monthly, (10), 130-141. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘彤彤 (2021) 整体系统观: 中国生物多样性立法保护的应然逻辑. 理论月刊, (10), 130-141.]
[10]	Ma KP (2023) Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: An important global agenda for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23133. (in Chinese) DOI
	[马克平 (2023) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》是重要的全球生物多样性保护议程. 生物多样性, 31, 23133.] DOI
[11]	Nadagoudar SV (2016) A critical analysis of law relating to biodiversity conservation and forest ecosystem management in India. In: India. In: Climate Change Challenge (3C) and Social-Economic-Ecological Interface-Building (eds Nautiyal S, Schaldach R, Raju KV, Kaechele H, Pritchard B, Rao KS), pp.121-132. Springer, Cham.
[12]	Prathapan K, Rajan P, Narendran T, Viraktamath CA, Subramanian K, Aravind NA, Poorani J (2006) Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Shadow of permit-raj over research. Current Science, 91, 1006-1007.
[13]	Prathapan KD, Rajan PD (2009) Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Threat to agricultural production and food security! Current Science, 97, 626-629.
[14]	Qin TB (2021) Present situation and future of biodiversity legislation in China. China Environment Supervision, (10), 60-61. (in Chinese)
	[秦天宝 (2021) 中国生物多样性立法现状与未来. 中国环境监察, (10), 60-61.]
[15]	Qin TB (2022) On the systematic legal regulation of biodiversity conservation. Legal Forum, 37(1), 119-128. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[秦天宝 (2022) 论生物多样性保护的系统性法律规制. 法学论坛, 37(1), 119-128.]
[16]	Qin TB, Tian CY (2021) Research on special legislation for biodiversity conservation. Environment and Sustainable Development, 46(6), 34-40. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[秦天宝, 田春雨 (2021) 生物多样性保护专门立法探析. 环境与可持续发展, 46(6), 34-40.]
[17]	Qin TB, Zhang JX (2022) Systematization of biodiversity legislation under the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. Pacific Journal, 30(1), 13-24. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[秦天宝, 张金晓 (2022) 共同但有区别的责任原则下中国生物多样性立法的体系化. 太平洋学报, 30(1), 13-24.]
[18]	Yu WX, Hu ZH (2022) Improvement of biodiversity rule of law in the context of ecological civilization. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 24(2), 71-78. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[于文轩, 胡泽弘 (2022) 生态文明语境下生物多样性法治的完善策略. 北京理工大学学报(社会科学版), 24(2), 71-78.]
[19]	Zhang XY (2007) Legislation of genetic resources in India and its enlightenment. Studies in Law and Business, 24(1), 117-124. (in Chinese)
	[张小勇 (2007) 印度遗传资源立法及其启示. 法商研究, 24(1), 117-124.]
[20]	Zhao Y, Wang YF (2021) Comparative study on implementing Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) between Japan & Korea and useful reference to China. Environmental Protection, 49(21), 64-67. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[赵阳, 王宇飞 (2021) 日本与韩国履行《生物多样性公约》比较研究及对我国的借鉴. 环境保护, 49(21), 64-67.]
[21]	Zhu HY, Dong HL, Rui YP, Liu HP (2011) Legislation of biological genetic resources in India. World Agriculture, (5), 47-50. (in Chinese)
	[朱洪云, 董海龙, 芮亚培, 刘海平 (2011) 印度的生物遗传资源立法. 世界农业, (5), 47-50.]